Igazi Emchameni (Hematuria): Izimpawu, Izimbangela, Ukuxilongwa, Ukuvimbela kanye Nokwelashwa

Igazi emchameni, ngokwezokwelapha elaziwa ngokuthi i-hematuria, libhekisela ekubeni khona kwegazi emchameni. Kwenzeka lapho ukopha endaweni ethile ipheshana lomchamo - okuhlanganisa izinso, ureters, esinyeni noma urethra - okuvumela igazi ukungena umchamo. Ukuba khona kwegazi emchameni, okwaziwa nge-hematuria, kungaba ukubhekwa okuphathelene lapho kutholwa ekuqaleni. 

Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono we-hematuria, okuhlanganisa ukuthi iyini, izimbangela zayo, izimpawu, ukuxilongwa, ukwelashwa, nokuvimbela. Iphinde ihlanganise lapho kufanele ubone khona udokotela ukuze uthole igazi emchamweni.

Liyini Igazi Emchameni (Hematuria)?

I-hematuria yigama lezokwelapha elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza igazi elivela emchameni. Kwenzeka lapho kunomonakalo noma ukuvuvukala endaweni ethile eduze komgudu womchamo okubangela ukuba kuvele ukopha emchameni. Umgudu womchamo uhlanganisa izinso, ureters (amashubhu axhumanisa izinso esinyeni), esinyeni, kanye ne-urethra (ishubhu elikhipha umchamo ngaphandle komzimba). 

Ngokusekelwe ekubonakaleni kwegazi ngeso lenyama, i-hematuria ihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili:

• I-Macroscopic Hematuria: Lokhu kusho umchamo obomvu ngokusobala, opinki noma onsundu ngokubomvu ngenxa yokuba khona kwegazi eliningi elibonakala ngaphandle kwesibonakhulu. Iziguli zingase zibone igazi elibonakalayo emchameni wazo.
• I-Hematuria ye-Microscopic: Lolu hlobo lukhombisa umchamo obonakala ujwayelekile ngombala kodwa usaqukethe igazi elincane elingatholwa kuphela ngesibonakhulu ngesikhathi sokuhlaziywa kokuchama. Igazi empeleni alibonakali noma lincane kakhulu ukushintsha umbala womchamo.  

Ngisho nokuvuza okuncane kwamangqamuzana egazi emchameni kungabangela umchamo ukuba ushintshe umbala ngokusobala obomvu, obomvana noma onsundu. I-hematuria ngokwayo ingase ihambisane noma ingahambisani nanoma yiziphi izimpawu zobuhlungu. Nokho, ukudlula okubonakalayo amahlule igazi emchameni kungabangela ukungakhululeki.

Izimpawu Zegazi Emchameni

Ezinye izimpawu ezivamile ezihambisana ne-hematuria zihlanganisa:

• Umchamo obomvu, opinki, onsundu, noma we-coca-cola
• Ukuzwa ubuhlungu noma ukuvutha lapho uchama 
• Ukufisa ukuchama njalo
• Ukudlula amahlule egazi ngomchamo
• Imfiva, ukugodola, isicanucanu noma ukuhlanza (izinkomba zokutheleleka okungenzeka)
• Ubuhlungu emhlane ongezansi, isisu, izinhlangothi noma i-groyne
• Ukukhathala nokubuthakathaka 

Izimpawu ezingenhla zingavela ngenhlanganisela ehlukahlukene, kuye ngobukhulu nembangela ewumsuka yokopha.

Izimbangela Zegazi Emchameni

Kungaba nezimbangela eziningana ezibangela ukuvela kwegazi emchameni, kuhlanganise:

• Amagciwane:
  • Izifo ze-Urinary tract infections (UTIs) 
  • Ukutheleleka kwezinso (i-pyelonephritis)
  • Ukuvuvukala kwe-prostate gland (prostatitis) 
• Izinkinga zesakhiwo:  
  • Ukuthuthukiswa kwamatshe esinyeni noma amatshe ezinso
  • I-prostate ekhulisiwe, ebeka ingcindezi ku-urethra
  • Izifo ezizuzwe njengefa njenge-sickle cell anemia noma i-Alport syndrome elimaza imithambo yegazi.
  • Isifo sezinso se-Polycystic, esingabangela ama-cysts aphazamisa ukugeleza komchamo.
• Ukuphazamiseka kwezinso:  
  • I-Glomerulonephritis noma ukuvuvukala kwezihlungi zezinso ezincane ezisusa ukungcola egazini. 
  • I-nephritis, ehlanganisa ukuvuvukala kwezicubu zezinso, ingabangela igazi emchameni. 

Izinhlobo eziningana zomdlavuza, kuhlanganise Umdlavuza wesibeletho, umdlavuza wezinso, kanye nomdlavuza wendlala yesinye kungadala igazi emchameni.

Ezinye izimbangela zihlanganisa: 

• Ukuvivinya umzimba ngamandla noma imidlalo yokuxhumana engase ibangele ukuhlukumezeka ezinso noma esinyeni.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi ethile efana ne-penicillin, i-cyclophosphamide, i-aspirin, i-heparin njll. 

Sifo

Ukuxilongwa kwe-hematuria kuhlanganisa:

• Umlando Wezokwelapha Nokuhlolwa Komzimba: Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubuza ngezimpawu, umlando womndeni, nezici eziyingozi.
• Ukuhlolwa komchamo: Ukuhlaziywa komchamo kuthola ubukhona begazi, kuyilapho isiko lomchamo likhomba izifo ezingase zibe khona.
• Ukuhlolwa Kwezithombe: I-CT scan, i-ultrasound, i-cystoscopy yenziwa ukuze ubone ngeso lengqondo umgudu womchamo. 
• I-Kidney Biopsy: Lokhu kuhlola kuhilela ukukhipha isampula elincane lezicubu zezinso ukuze lihlolwe. 

Ngokuhlola ngokucophelela isampula yomchamo oxutshwe negazi futhi bahlole ngokucophelela izimpawu ezihambisana naso, odokotela bangakwazi ukunquma imbangela yokopha futhi banqume izindlela zokwelashwa ezifanele.

Ukwelashwa Kwegazi Emchameni

Izinhloso eziyinhloko zokwelapha i-hematuria yilezi:

• Ukubhekana nezimbangela ezibonakalayo eziwumsuka 
• Ukuphatha izimpawu ezikhathazayo zomchamo  
• Ukuvimbela ukuphindeka kanye nezinkinga    

Izinketho zokwelapha igazi emchameni zihlanganisa:

• Imithi elwa namagciwane ukuqeda ukutheleleka komgudu womchamo.
• Ukuhlinzwa ukuze khipha amatshe esinyeni, izinso noma izimila zomchamo.
• Imithi yokukhulula izimpawu ezibuhlungu zomchamo.
• Indlela yokuphila iyashintsha njengokukhuphuka koketshezi lwansuku zonke. 
• Ukugwema imithi enobungozi obukhulu.
• Ukwelapha izifo ezihlobene nesifo sikashukela.
• Ukuhlolwa komchamo kokulandelela ukuze kuqashwe isimo.  

Izinhlelo zokwelapha zigxile ekwelapheni imbangela ethile etholwe ngokuhlola. Lokhu kusiza ukuphatha umchamo onegazi futhi kuvimbele ukuphindeka.

Izinkinga Zegazi Emchameni

Nazi ezinye izinkinga ezingaba khona ezihlobene negazi emchameni (hematuria):

• Ama-UTI avamile:
  • Uma imbangela eyisisekelo ye-hematuria, njengokungajwayelekile kwesakhiwo noma ukwanda kwe-prostate, ingelashwa, ingaholela eziqephuni eziphindaphindiwe ze-UTIs.
  • Ama-UTI aphindelelayo angabangela ukuvuvukala kwezinso futhi unomphela ukulimala kwezinso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Izinso zezinso:
  • Uma zingelashwa, ezinye izimbangela ze-hematuria, njengezifo kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-cystic okuzuzwa njengefa, kungaholela ekwakhekeni nasekukhuleni kwamatshe ezinso.
  • Amatshe amakhulu angavimba ukugeleza komchamo ezinso futhi abangele ama-UTI aphindelelayo.
• Ukwehluleka kwezinso:
  • Izimo eziphindaphindayo ze-hematuria ngenxa yezifo ezingalashwanga, ukuvuvukala, noma ukukhubazeka kwesakhiwo kungaphazamisa kancane kancane ukusebenza kwezinso uma kushiywa ngaphandle kokunakwa. 
  • Ukopha okuphindelelayo kungase kubangele izibazi zezinso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okungase kubangele isifo sezinso esingamahlalakhona noma ukungasebenzi ngokuphelele kwezinso, okudinga i-dialysis.
• Ukulimala kwesinye:
  • Endabeni yezimbangela ezihlobene nesinye ze-hematuria, njengezimila, ukopha okungapheli kanye nokuvuvukala kungabangela ukwakheka kwezibazi ezindongeni zesinye. 
  • Lesi sibazi kunciphisa umthamo wesinye kanye nekhono lokugcina umchamo.
• i-sepsis:
  • Amagciwane abangela izifo ezifana ne-pyelonephritis angasakazeka esuka emgudwini womchamo angene egazini uma i-hematuria eqhubekayo ingelashwa, okuholela ku-urosepsis. 
  • Lokhu kungafaka ukuphila engozini.
• I-anemia:
  • Nakuba kungavamile, izimo ezinzima kakhulu ze-hematuria enkulu zibandakanya ukopha okukhulu kakhulu, okuholela ekulahlekeni kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu aphezulu ngokungavamile. 
  • Lokhu kulahlekelwa okusheshayo kwama-RBC kungase kube nomthelela ekubaleni okuphansi kwamaseli egazi noma i-anemia.

Prevention

Eminye imikhuba yendlela yokuphila ukusiza ukuvimbela i-hematuria noma ukuphindeka kwayo kuhlanganisa:

• Ukuphuza uketshezi oluningi lwe-hydrating nsuku zonke.
• Ukuzijwayeza ukuya ocansini ngendlela ephephile ukuze ugweme izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi.
• Ukuphatha kahle izifo ezingalapheki ezikhona. 
• Ukugwema ukusebenzisa ngokweqile okungadingekile kwemithi ethile eyingozi kakhulu.
• Ukuvimbela ukulimala kwezinso nesinye ngesikhathi semidlalo yokuthintana.

Uyombona Nini Udokotela?

Kubalulekile ukubonisana ngokushesha a umhlinzeki wezempilo noma nini lapho uqaphela ngisho nokuba khona kwegazi elincane emchameni. Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okufika ngesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa kubalulekile, njengoba kungathuthukisa ukubikezela futhi kuvimbele ukuphindeka.

Kufanele ufune usizo lwezokwelapha oluphuthumayo noma uvakashele igumbi lezimo eziphuthumayo uma igazi emchameni lenzeka kanye nalokhu:

• Umkhuhlane ophezulu nokugodola
• Ubunzima obukhulu noma ukungakwazi ukukhipha umchamo
• Ubuhlungu obuqeda amandla emuva, ohlangothini noma besisu
• Ukudlula amahlule egazi amaningi amakhulu abonakalayo  

Izimpawu ezinjalo zingabonisa izimo ezibucayi ezidinga ukwelashwa ngokushesha.

Isiphetho

Ukuvela kwegazi emchameni noma ku-hematuria kungabangelwa yizimbangela eziningi, kusukela ezindabeni ezingenabungozi njengama-UTIs kuya ezifweni ezimbi njengomdlavuza. I-hematuria ye-Macroscopic, lapho igazi lishintsha umbala womchamo ngokusobala, ithinta kakhulu kune-hematuria encane. Nakuba lokhu kuphuma komchamo kubonakala kuthusa ngokungenakuphikwa, ukuhlolwa okufanele kanye nokwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi kuvame ukuxazulula izimo eziningi ngokuphumelelayo, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwana nazo kusenesikhathi. 

Kodwa-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungase kubonakale kungabalulekile kangakanani, kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi uthintane nodokotela ngokushesha lapho uqala ukubona igazi emchamweni ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa okufanele kokuxilongwa nokuphathwa kokwelapha. 

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

1. Ingabe igazi emchameni liyingozi?

Nakuba kungenzeka, i-hematuria ngokuvamile ivela ngenxa yezimo ezincane, ezilapheka njenge-UTIs. Ukuhlola imbangela kubalulekile ukunquma ubunzima.

2. Livame kangakanani igazi emchameni?

Cishe i-1-2% yabantu ibonisa i-hematuria ebonakalayo ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo. I-hematuria ye-Microscopic ivame kakhulu kubantu abaningi.

3. Ingabe ukuphuza amanzi kungavimba igazi emchameni?

Ukuphuza uketshezi okwengeziwe kungasiza ekukhipheni ukopha okuncane emgudwini womchamo kodwa awulaphi imbangela ewumsuka. Ukufuna usizo lwezokwelapha kusadingeka.

4. Ingabe igazi emchameni lingazixazulula ngokwalo?

Ngezinye izikhathi, njenge-hematuria ebangelwa ukuzivocavoca okunzima. Kodwa-ke, i-hematuria ephindaphindayo noma eqhubekayo idinga ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha njengoba kungenzeka ikhombise ukuphazamiseka okucashile.

5. Lisho ukuthini igazi emchameni?

I-hematuria isho ukopha okungavamile endaweni ethile eduze komgudu womchamo- izinso, ureters, esinyeni, noma urethra. Ukuhlonza umthombo wokopha kuyisihluthulelo sokuxilongwa okunembile nokwelashwa.