Isifo Sofuba Samathambo: Izimpawu, Izimbangela, Ukuxilongwa Nokwelashwa

Isifo sofuba samathambo, uhlobo lwe-extrapulmonary sofuba, yisimo esingavamile kodwa esingase sibe buthakathaka esibangelwa igciwane i-Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lapho umuntu onesifo sofuba ekhwehlela, ethimula, noma ecula, lesi sifo singasakazeka. Lokhu kungase kufake amaconsi amancane athwala amagciwane emoyeni. Amagciwane angakwazi ukungena emaphashini abanye abantu abaphefumula kulawa maconsi. Kubantu abahlala ezindaweni eziseduze noma emaqenjini amakhulu, isifo sofuba sisakazeka ngokushesha. 

Nakuba singasakazekela kunoma yisiphi isifunda somzimba, isifo sofuba ngokuvamile sihlasela amaphaphu. Ezimweni eziningi, isifo sofuba singagwenywa ngokwelashwa kusenesikhathi futhi selapheke uma ukwelashwa kuqala ngokushesha. Nokho, isifo sofuba (TB) siyakwazi ukuba yisifo esibulalayo.

Izimbangela Zesifo Sofuba Samathambo

Uma isifo sofuba singena emzimbeni wakho futhi sisakazekela ngaphandle kwamaphaphu akho, ungase ube ne-TB yamathambo. Ngokuvamile, uhlobo lwesifo sofuba olusemoyeni ludluliselwa lusuka kumuntu luye komunye. Uma usune-TB, ingangena emgudwini wegazi lakho futhi ingene emalunga, amathambo, noma ama-lymph nodes ngokusebenzisa yakho amaphaphu noma ama-lymph nodes.

Kunezimbangela eziningana ze-tb yamathambo, okuhlanganisa:

• Umthombo ovame kakhulu wesifo sofuba samathambo ukusabalala kwamagciwane esifo sofuba asuka emaphashini.
• I-bacterium ingasakazeka egazini, ifinyelele emathanjeni nasemalungeni.
• Kwezinye izimo, ukutheleleka kungase kudlulele ngokuqondile ezakhiweni eziseduze, njengama-lymph nodes, kuya emathanjeni.
• Isifo sofuba samathambo singase futhi sibangele ukwanda okuqondile kokutheleleka okuvela ezicutshini eziseduze, njengomgogodla noma izicubu ezithambile ezizungeze amathambo.

Izimpawu Zesifo Sofuba Samathambo

Ukubona izimpawu ze-tb yamathambo kubalulekile ukuze usheshe uhlonzwe futhi ungenelele. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka phakathi nezinyanga noma iminyaka, izimpawu ze-TB emathanjeni zikhula kancane kancane. Izimpawu ezingenzeka zesifo sofuba samathambo zihlanganisa:

• Ubuhlungu: Esinye sezibonakaliso ezivame kakhulu zesifo sofuba samathambo ethanjeni elithintekayo noma elihlangene lihlala libuhlungu futhi liphindaphinda ubuhlungu obungapheli. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuhlungu buvame ukuba bubi nakakhulu.
• Ukuvuvukala nokukhubazeka: Ukuvuvukala endaweni ethintekile, okuhambisana nokukhubazeka okubonakalayo, izimpawu ze-tb yamathambo. Ukukhubazeka kuvame kakhulu emathanjeni athwala isisindo, njengomgogodla nezinqulu.
• Ibanga Elilinganiselwe Lokunyakaza: Ukuncipha kokuhamba nokuqina kwamalunga kungenzeka, kuthinte ikhono lokwenza imisebenzi evamile.
• Izimpawu Zesistimu: Imfiva, ukujuluka ebusuku, nokungahlosiwe kwesisindo ingase ihambisane nesifo sofuba samathambo, esibonisa isimo sesistimu yesifo.
• Ukuncipha Kwesisindo: Isizathu esiyinhloko sokwehla kwesisindo somzimba ukugula okungapheli, njenge-TB.
• Ubumnene: Isiguli singase sibe nokungakhululeki ekucindezelweni kwamalunga noma kwamathambo, futhi lapho bezama ukuthinta indawo ethintekile, izwa ithambile. 
• Izimpawu Zezinzwa (i-Spinal TB): Ezimweni ezihilela umgogodla, izimpawu zemizwa njengobuthakathaka, ukuba ndikindiki, noma ukushoshozela kungase kwenzeke ngenxa yokucindezelwa komgogodla.
• Iminyaka yobudala: Intsha kanye nezingane, ikakhulukazi ezingaphansi kweshumi nesithupha, zisengozini yokuba nesifo sofuba samathambo. Kodwa kungaba nomthelela nakubantu asebekhulile.

Ukuxilongwa Kwesifo Sofuba Samathambo

Ukuxilongwa ngesikhathi futhi okunembile kubalulekile ekulawuleni ngempumelelo isifo sofuba samathambo. Ochwepheshe bezokunakekelwa kwempilo basebenzisa inhlanganisela yokuhlolwa komtholampilo, izifundo ze-imaging, nokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri ukuze bathole ukuxilongwa, okuhlanganisa:

• Ukuhlolwa Komtholampilo: Uchwepheshe wezokwelapha uzokwenza umlando womtholampilo ophelele kanye nokuhlolwa komzimba. Phakathi nalokhu kuhlola, bayaqaphela izinkomba zokutheleleka kwe-TB, njengokuvuvukala, ukungaphatheki kahle kwamalunga, nokunye. 
• Izifundo Zokucabanga: Ama-X-ray, ama-CT scan, ne-MRI abalulekile ukuze ubone ngeso lengqondo ukukhubazeka kwamathambo, okuhlanganisa izilonda, ukukhubazeka, nokubandakanyeka kwamalunga. I-MRI iwusizo ikakhulukazi ekuhloleni ukubandakanyeka kwezicubu ezithambile.
• I-Biopsy: I-biopsy yethambo elithintekile noma ilunga ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba khona kwe-Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Amasampula ezicubu ahlolwa ngesibonakhulu, futhi amasiko ayenziwa ukuze ahlukanise amagciwane.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Mantoux: I-positive Ukuhlolwa kwe-Mantoux (ukuhlolwa kwesikhumba se-tuberculin) kungasekela izinsolo zesifo sofuba.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Kungenzeka futhi ukusebenzisa i-PCR ukuhlola amasampula aqoqwa udokotela wakho. Lokhu kuhlola kwandisa ukwakheka kofuzo kwe-mycobacterium futhi kusize ekutholeni ukutheleleka ngenani elincane loketshezi.
• Ukuhlolwa Kwegazi: Lezi zivivinyo zibheka izifo ezisebenzayo ngokukala amaprotheni e-C-reactive kanye ne-ESR. 

Ukwelashwa Kwesifo Sofuba Samathambo

Ukwelashwa kwe-TB yamathambo kuhilela uhlobo lwemithi eminingi ye-antitubercular futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa. Izingxenye ezibalulekile zohlelo lokwelapha isifo sofuba zifaka:

• Imithi Yokwelapha Ufuba: Imithi elwa namagciwane isetshenziswa kakhulu ekwelapheni isifo sofuba samathambo, kodwa uhlobo lwemithi elwa namagciwane esetshenziswayo luncike ohlotsheni lwamagciwane akhona, njengoba ezinye izinhlobo zamagciwane abangela isifo sofuba azikwazi ukumelana nemithi ethile. Ukuze kutholwe inkambo engcono kakhulu yokwelashwa, ukuhlolwa kokuba sengozini kwezidakamizwa kuyenziwa. Kuye ngemithi esetshenziswayo, ukwelashwa kwemithi ye-TB yamathambo ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa isethi yemvamisa nohlelo lomthamo oluthatha izinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi nambili.
• Ukuhlinzwa: Ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa kungase kudingeke ezimweni zokubhujiswa okukhulu kwamathambo, ukukhubazeka komgogodla, noma ukuba khona kwamathumba. Izinqubo ezinjengokukhipha i-debride, ukuhlanganisa umgogodla, noma ukushintshwa kwamalunga zingenziwa.
• Ukwelashwa Okusekelayo: Ukuphathwa kobuhlungu, ukwelapha ngokomzimba, nokwesekwa kokudla okunomsoco kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni okuphelele kwesifo sofuba samathambo. Ukuphumula okwanele nokuvuselela kuyizici ezibalulekile zohlelo lokwelapha.

Isiphetho

Isifo sofuba samathambo, nakuba singavamile, siyingozi enkulu empilweni ngenxa yamandla aso okubangela ukukhubazeka nezinkinga zesikhathi eside. Ukuqwashisa ngezimbangela nezimpawu kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale ngokushesha kanye nokungenelela. Izimpawu eziningana, kuhlanganise nobuhlungu, i-edema, ukungahambi kahle kwamalunga, nokuncipha kokuhamba, kungase kubangele. Ukumisa ukuqhubeka kwesifo kanye nokunciphisa amathuba okulimala kwamalunga angenakulungiseka, ukuhlonzwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa kwezimpawu ze-tb emathanjeni kubalulekile. Thola usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka uma uhlangabezana nanoma yiziphi izimpawu.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Q1. Ingabe i-TB yamathambo iyelapheka?

Izimpendulo. Isifo sofuba samathambo siyelapheka ngokwelashwa okufanele nangesikhathi esifanele, ngokuvamile okuhilela inhlanganisela yemithi elwa nesifo sofuba futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa. Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokubambelela kuhlelo lokwelapha olunqunyiwe yizici ezibalulekile ekuzuzeni ukwelapha okuyimpumelelo. 

Q2. Kuyini ukudla kwe-TB yamathambo?

Izimpendulo. Ukudla okunomsoco okunothe ngamaprotheni, amavithamini (ikakhulukazi uvithamini D ne-calcium), namaminerali kuyanconywa kubantu abanesifo sofuba samathambo ukuze basekele impilo yonke kanye nokusiza ekululameni nasekupholiseni. Ukudla okunomsoco okwanele kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwezokwelapha kanye nokuthuthukisa impilo yamathambo.

Q3. Ibi kangakanani i-TB yamathambo?

Izimpendulo. Isifo sofuba samathambo singaba yisimo esibi kakhulu, esingase siholele ekulimaleni, ekubhujisweni kwamalunga, kanye nezinkinga zezinzwa, ikakhulukazi uma zingelashwa. Ukuxilongwa ngesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa okufanele kubalulekile ukuze kube nomphumela omuhle ekulawuleni isifo sofuba samathambo.

Q4. Kufanele ulindele ukwelapheka kuze kube nini ku-TB yakho yamathambo?

Izimpendulo. Isikhathi sokwelashwa kwesifo sofuba samathambo ngokuvamile sithatha izinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi nambili, kanti ukubambelela emithini yemithi elwa nesifo sofuba kubalulekile ekwelapheni ngempumelelo. Ukuqapha okuvamile nokuhlolwa kokulandelela kubalulekile ukuze kuhlolwe inqubekelaphambili yokwelashwa kanye nokulungisa uhlobo lwemithi uma kunesidingo.