Ukungqubuzana: Izimpawu, Izimbangela kanye Nokwelashwa

Wake wazibuza ukuthi kwenzekani lapho ikhanda lakho lithatha kanzima? Ukungqubuzana kungaphezu nje kokungqubuzana ekhanda. Iwuhlobo lokulimala kobuchopho okungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu empilweni nempilo yakho. Izingxabano zivamile kwezemidlalo nasezingozini, kodwa abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi bazibona kanjani izimpawu noma benzeni uma besola.

Le bhulogi izocacisa ngezimpawu zokuquleka, izimbangela, nezinketho zokwelapha. Sizohlola ukuthi singakubona kanjani ukulimala kokungqubuzana nokuthi ungalufuna nini usizo lwezokwelapha. Sizophinde sifunde ngezingozi ze-post-concussion syndrome nezindlela zokuvimbela lokhu kulimala kobuchopho.

Yini I-Concussion?

Ukungqubuzana kungabhekwa njengokulimala okuncane kobuchopho. Kwenzeka lapho ubuchopho bunyakaza noma busonteka ngaphakathi kogebhezi. Ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukushaywa kwekhanda noma umzimba, okuholela ekulahlekeni kwesikhashana kokusebenza kobuchopho okuvamile. Nakuba izingxabano ngokuvamile zingafaki ukuphila engozini, zingaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu empilweni nasenhlalakahleni yomuntu.

Izingxabano zivamile emidlalweni yokuxhumana, ukuwa, nezingozi. Zingabangela izimpawu eziningi, kuhlanganise nobuhlungu bekhanda, isiyezi, ukudideka, nokukhathala. Lezi zimpawu zingase zingabonakali ngokushesha futhi zingakhula ngaphezu kwamahora noma izinsuku ngemuva kokulimala.

Izimbangela Zokungqubuzana

Ukungqubuzana kwenzeka lapho ubuchopho bunyakaza noma busonteka ngaphakathi kogebhezi ngenxa yamandla azumayo. Lokhu kungenzeka ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, njengokuwa, izingozi zezimoto, nokulimala okuhlobene nezemidlalo. Njengoba ithambile futhi icushwe uketshezi lwe-cerebrospinal, ingqondo isengozini yokulimala lapho ingaphansi kokusheshisa noma ukuncipha.

Ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana, ubuchopho bushelela emuva naphambili ngokumelene nezindonga zangaphakathi zogebhezi. Lokhu kunyakaza kungabangelwa ukushaya okuqondile ekhanda, intamo, noma umzimba ongaphezulu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukulimala kokungqubuzana akuhileli njalo umthelela oqondile ekhanda. Isibonelo, i-jolt engazelelwe emzimbeni ngesikhathi sokushayisana kwemoto noma ukushayisana kwezemidlalo kungabangela ubuchopho ukuba buhambe ngaphakathi kogebhezi.

Lawa mandla angaholela ekuphumeni okuyinkimbinkimbi kokusabela kwamakhemikhali e-biochemical ebuchosheni, okuthinta ukusebenza kwawo okuvamile. Inqubo eyiyona yona ayikaqondwa ngokugcwele, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi ibandakanya izinguquko kumetabolism yobuchopho kanye nokuphazamiseka kwesikhashana kokuthintana kwamangqamuzana ezinzwa.

Izimpawu Zokungqubuzana

Izimpawu zokuquleka zingahluka kakhulu futhi zingase zingabonakali ngokushesha ngemva kokulimala. Ngokuvamile ziwela ezigabeni ezine: ngokomzimba, kwengqondo, imizwa, kanye nokulala okuhlobene. 

• Izimpawu ezingokomzimba ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ubuhlungu bekhanda, ubuhlungu bentamo, isiyezi, izinkinga zokulinganisela, izinguquko zombono, tinnitus, kanye nokuzwela ukukhanya noma umsindo. 
• Izinkinga zengqondo zingabandakanya ukudideka, ubunzima bokugxilisa ingqondo, inkungu yobuchopho, nezinkinga zenkumbulo zesikhashana. 
• Izinguquko ezingokomzwelo zingabonakalisa njengokucasuka, ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, noma ukushintsha kwemizwa. 
• Abantu bangase babe nokuphazamiseka kokulala, njengokulala kakhulu noma ngaphansi kunokujwayelekile.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izimpawu zingakhula phakathi namahora noma izinsuku ngemuva kokulimala. Abanye abantu bangase babe nezinguquko ezicashile ezigqama kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuqala kulibaziseka kungenza kube nzima ukubona ukungqubuzana ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha noma yiziphi izinguquko ekuziphatheni noma enhlalakahleni ngemva kokulimala ekhanda kubalulekile, ngisho noma izimpawu zokuqala zibonakala zilula.

Izingozi Zezingozi

Kunezici eziningana ezingandisa amathuba okuba ne-concussion, njenge: 

• Umlando wokungqubuzana kwangaphambili
• Eminye imidlalo ibeka engcupheni enkulu yokungqubuzana, njengemidlalo yokushayisana efana nebhola likanobhutshuzwayo, ihokhi yeqhwa, ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo, kanye nombhoxo inamanani aphezulu kakhulu. 
• Izingozi zezimoto
• Abantu abadala ku-65 nabasubathi abancane babonakala bengenwa kalula yizingxabano. 

Izinkinga

Izingxoxo zingaholela ezinkingeni ezinzima, ikakhulukazi uma zingalawulwa kahle, njenge:

• Enye yezinto ezikhathazayo kakhulu i-post-concussion syndrome (PCS), lapho izimpawu ziqhubeka izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka ngemva kokulimala kokuqala. Lesi simo singabangela ubuhlungu bekhanda obuqhubekayo, ubunzima bokugxilisa ingqondo, nezinkinga zenkumbulo, okunomthelela omkhulu empilweni yansuku zonke.
• Enye inkinga engavamile kodwa engase ibulale i-second impact syndrome (SIS). Lokhu kwenzeka lapho umuntu ebamba ukungqubuzana okukodwa ngaphambi kokuba alulame ngokuphelele kowokuqala. I-SIS ingabangela ukuvuvuka kobuchopho ngokushesha futhi ingase ibeke ukuphila engozini.
• Ukungqubuzana okuphindaphindiwe kungase kwandise ingozi yezimo ze-neurodegenerative ezifana ne-Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), i-Alzheimer's, nesifo sika-Parkinson. I-CTE, ikakhulukazi, ihlotshaniswa nokuncipha kwengqondo, izinguquko zokuziphatha, nokulahlekelwa inkumbulo ekuphileni kwakamuva.

Ezinye izinkinga yilezi:

• I-Intracranial haemorrhage (ukopha ebuchosheni)
• I-Cerebral Edema (ukuvuvukala kobuchopho)
• Ukuhlukana kwe-Skull

Sifo

Ukuhlonza ukungqubuzana kuncike ekuhlolweni okuphelele kukadokotela. Inqubo ngokuvamile ihlanganisa: 

• Ukuhlolwa Komzimba: Udokotela wakho uzohlola umbono wakho, ukuzwa, amandla okugxilisa ingqondo, impendulo yakho kanye nokuzwela kwakho ekukhanyeni.
• Ukuhlolwa Kwezinzwa: Lezi zivivinyo zisiza ukuhlola ama-reflexes, ibhalansi, ukuxhumanisa, nemisebenzi yezinzwa. 
• Ukuhlolwa kwengqondo: Lezi zivivinyo zisiza ukuhlola inkumbulo, ukugxilisa ingqondo, namakhono okuxazulula izinkinga.
• Ukufanekisa: Nakuba izivivinyo ze-imaging ezifana ne-CT scans ne-MRI azikwazi ukuhlonza ngokuqondile ukungqubuzana, zingasiza ekukhipheni ukulimala okubi kakhulu kobuchopho. Lezi zikena zingathola ukopha noma ukuvuvukala ebuchosheni, okuyizinkinga ezingaba khona zokuhlukumezeka ekhanda.
• Izivivinyo ezengeziwe: Amathuluzi akhethekile, njenge-SCAT5 (Ithuluzi Lokuhlola Ingxoxo Yezemidlalo), avame ukusetshenziselwa ukusiza ukuhlola ukungqubuzana, ikakhulukazi ekulimaleni okuhlobene nezemidlalo. 

Ukwelapha Ukuquleka

• Ukuphumula Nokwethulwa kabusha: Isisekelo sokwelashwa kokuquleka ukuphumula, kokubili ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Lokhu kuvumela ubuchopho ukuthi bululame futhi bululame. Ezinsukwini zokuqala ezilandela ukungqubuzana, ukukhawulela imisebenzi edinga ukugxilisa ingqondo, njengokubuka i-TV, ukusebenzisa ama-smartphone, noma ukufunda, kubalulekile. Lokhu kungadala izimpawu futhi kuphuze ukululama. Kancane kancane, iziguli zingakwazi ukubuyisela imisebenzi yansuku zonke njengoba ibekezelelwa ngaphandle kokubangela izimpawu. 
• Umsebenzi Womzimba: Ukuzivocavoca okulula, njengokuhamba ngebhayisikili umile noma ukugijima okuthambile, kungase kube yinzuzo ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa. Kodwa-ke, abantu kufanele bagweme imidlalo yokuxhumana kuze kube yilapho belulama ngokugcwele kanye nemvume yezokwelapha.
• Imithi: Ukuze kuncishiswe ubuhlungu, odokotela bangase batuse imithi. Ukugwema ezinye izidambisi zinhlungu njenge-ibuprofen noma i-aspirin kubalulekile, njengoba zingase zandise ingozi yokopha. Ukwelashwa okukhethekile noma ukuvuselelwa kwengqondo kungase kudingeke ngezinye izikhathi ukuze kubhekwane nezimpawu eziqhubekayo.

Uzoyibona Nini Udokotela

Ukufuna usizo lwezokwelapha kubalulekile ngemva kokulimala ekhanda, ngisho noma izimpawu zingabonakali ngokushesha. Kuyancomeka ukubonana nodokotela zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-1-2 ngemuva kokulimala ekhanda, ikakhulukazi izingane kanye nentsha. Nokho, izimpawu ezithile zidinga ukunakekelwa okuphuthumayo ngokushesha. Lokhu kubandakanya: 

• Ukuhlanza okuphindaphindiwe
• Ukulahlekelwa ukwazi okuthatha ngaphezu kwamasekhondi angu-30
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu
• Izinguquko embonweni 
• Inkulumo emisiwe 
• Ukuxhumanisa
• Uketshezi noma ukuphuma kwegazi ezindlebeni noma emakhaleni
• ukuquleka
• Ukudideka okukhulu
• Ubumbulu, ubuthakathaka noma ukuzwa ukushoshozela ezingalweni noma emilenzeni yakho
• Ezinsaneni ezingaphansi kwezinyanga ezingu-12, noma yiziphi izimpawu zokulimala ekhanda zidinga ukuhlolwa okuphuthumayo kwezokwelapha. Khumbula, izimpawu zokuquleka zingakhula noma zibe zimbi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho ukuqapha kubalulekile.

Prevention

Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukuqeda zonke izinxushunxushu kwezemidlalo, amasu amaningana anganciphisa ukuvela nokuqina kwawo. 

• Imfundo efanele ibalulekile, iqondise kubasubathi, abazali, abaqeqeshi, nezikhulu mayelana nobungozi bokuquleka, izimpawu, nezimpawu. 
• Ukuphoqelela imithetho ekhuthaza ukuphepha, njengokuvimbela ukulwa okuyingozi kanye nokukhawulela imithelela eyingozi enkulu, kubalulekile. 
• Ukukhuthaza amasu afanele, ikakhulukazi emidlalweni yokuxhumana, kunganciphisa kakhulu izingozi zokungqubuzana.
• Ukuzivocavoca kokuqinisa intamo kubonise isithembiso ekunciphiseni umphumela we-whiplash ohambisana nezingxabano. 
• Ukwengeza, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasubathi bagqoka izinto zokuzivikela ezifakwe kahle, nakuba kungesona isiqinisekiso ngokumelene nezingxabano, kungasiza ekunciphiseni ingozi yokulimala kanzima ekhanda.

Isiphetho

Ukungqubuzana kunomthelela omkhulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nempilo yansuku zonke. Ukungqubuzana kungenzeka ezimeni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kwezemidlalo kuye ezingozini, futhi imiphumela yazo ingahlala izinsuku, amasonto, noma ngisho nangaphezulu. Ukuqwashisa ngezimpawu zokungqubuzana kanye nendlela yokuphendula kubalulekile kuwo wonke umuntu, hhayi abasubathi kuphela. Ngokuqonda izingozi futhi sithathe izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukungqubuzana, singasiza ukuzivikela thina nabanye ekulimaleni okungase kube yingozi ebuchosheni. Khumbula, lapho ungabaza mayelana nokungqubuzana okungase kube khona, kuhle ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthatha iseluleko sezokwelapha ukuze uqinisekise ukuxilonga nokwelashwa okufanele.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

1. Zivame kangakanani ukungqubuzana?

Ukungqubuzana kuvamile. Kodwa-ke, izingxabano eziningi azixilongwa noma zingelashwa, okwenza kube inselele ukunquma ukusabalala kwangempela.

2. Yiziphi izigaba ezintathu zokuquleka?

Izingxoxo zivame ukuhlukaniswa zibe amabanga amathathu ngokuya ngobunzima:

• Ibanga loku-1 (elincane): Akukho ukulahlekelwa ukwazi; izimpawu zihlala ngaphansi kwemizuzu eyi-15.
• Ibanga lesi-2 (Okulingene): Akukho ukulahlekelwa ukwazi, izimpawu zihlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwemizuzu engu-15.
• Ibanga lesi-3 (Linzima): Ukulahlekelwa ukwazi, kungaba isikhashana noma isikhathi eside.

3. Ingabe imihuzuko iyaziphilisa?

Iningi lezinkinga liziphilisa ngokwalo ngokunakekelwa okufanele. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sokululama sincike ebukhulu bokulimala kanye nezici zomuntu ngamunye. Nakuba abantu abaningi belulama ngokugcwele emasontweni ambalwa, abanye bangase babe nezimpawu eziphikelelayo ezihlala izinyanga noma ngaphezulu, ezaziwa nge-post-concussion syndrome.

4. Yini okungafanele uyenze ngemva kokuquleka?

Ngemuva kokungqubuzana, ukugwema imisebenzi engenza izimpawu zibe zimbi kakhulu noma engozini yokulimala okwengeziwe kubalulekile. Lokhu kubandakanya:

• Ukubuyela kwezemidlalo noma imisebenzi enamandla maduze
• Ukuzibandakanya emisebenzini enengozi enkulu yokulimala ekhanda
• Ukuphuza utshwala
• Ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi phambi kwezikrini (i-TV, ikhompuyutha, ifoni)
• Ukuziba noma ukunciphisa izimpawu

5. Ingabe ukuquleka kubi?

Ukungqubuzana ukulimala okubi kakhulu okuthinta ukusebenza kobuchopho. Nakuba abantu abaningi belulama ngokugcwele ngokunakekelwa okufanele, ukungqubuzana kungase kube nomthelela omkhulu empilweni. Izingxabano eziphindaphindiwe noma ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kungaholela ezinkingeni zesikhathi eside. Kubalulekile ukwelapha konke ukungqubuzana ngokungathi sína futhi ufune usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha.

6. Ukungqubuzana kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani?

Ubude besikhathi sezimpawu zokungqubuzana buyahlukahluka kakhulu. Abantu abaningi bayalulama zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-7-10, kodwa abanye bangase babe nezimpawu amasonto noma ngisho nezinyanga. Kulabo abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-18, ukululama okuvamile kuthathwa njengezinsuku ezingaba ngu-30, kanti kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-18, ngokuvamile kuyizinsuku eziyi-14. Kodwa-ke, icala ngalinye lihlukile, futhi isikhathi sokululama singancika ebukhulu bokulimala kanye nezici zomuntu ngamunye.