I-HIV ne-AIDS: Izimpawu, Izimbangela, Nokwelashwa

I-HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) igciwane elihlasela amasosha omzimba, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lingaholela ku-AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). Ingculaza yisimo esenzeka lapho amasosha omzimba alimele kakhulu, okushiya umzimba usengozini yokuba sengozini. izifo kanye nomdlavuza. Kule bhulogi, sizoxoxa ngezimpawu, izimbangela, nokwelashwa kwe-HIV ne-AIDS.

izimpawu:

Ezigabeni zokuqala, abantu abaningi ababoni izimpawu ze-HIV AIDS. Kodwa-ke, abanye abantu bangase babe nezimpawu ezinjengomkhuhlane, njengemfiva, ikhanda elibuhlungu, nokukhathala, okungenzeka phakathi kwamaviki angu-2-4 ngemva kokuchayeka egciwaneni. Njengoba igciwane liqhubeka, izimpawu zingase zihlanganise ama-lymph nodes avuvukele, ukuncipha komzimba, isifo sohudo, nokujuluka ebusuku. Ezigabeni zakamuva ze-HIV, lapho isithuthukele ekubeni nengculaza, izimpawu zingase zihlanganise ukukhwehlela okungapheli, ukuphelelwa umoya, nomkhuhlane ophindelelayo.

Abantu abaningi abathola i-HIV bangase bangabi nazimpawu ekuqaleni. Ukuqhubekela phambili kokutheleleka nge-HIV ngokuvamile kuhamba ngezigaba eziningana:

• Ukutheleleka nge-HIV okunamandla (Isigaba 1): Lesi sigaba siqala emasontweni ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni ngemva kokutheleleka futhi singase sifake izimpawu ezinjengomkhuhlane. Kodwa-ke, lezi zimpawu zivame ukuba mnene futhi zingathathwa kalula njengezinye izifo.
• Ukutheleleka nge-HIV okungamahlalakhona noma okungabonakali (Isigaba 2): Phakathi nalesi sigaba, esingahlala iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu, abantu ngokuvamile ababonisi noma yiziphi izimpawu eziphawulekayo. Bangase bazizwe bephile saka, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi basengadlulisela igciwane kwabanye.
• I-AIDS (I-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) (Isigaba 3): Ngaphandle kokwelashwa, cishe bonke abantu abane-HIV bagcina bedlulele ku-AIDS. Abanye bangase babe nengculaza ngokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa ngemva kokutheleleka, kuyilapho abanye bengahlala benempilo iminyaka eyishumi kuya kwengu-20, eyaziwa ngokuthi abangathuthuki besikhathi eside.
• Abantu abane-AIDS banamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka kakhulu ngenxa yomonakalo odalwe yi-HIV. Lokhu kuncipha kwamasosha omzimba kubabeka engcupheni enkulu yokuthola izifo ezingajwayelekile, ezaziwa ngezifo ezingosomathuba, ezingahlasela izingxenye ezahlukene zomzimba. Lezi zifo zingabangelwa amagciwane, amagciwane, isikhunta, noma i-protozoa. Ukwengeza, abantu abane-AIDS basengozini yokuthola imidlavuza ethile, ikakhulukazi i-lymphomas kanye nomdlavuza wesikhumba obizwa ngokuthi i-Kaposi sarcoma.

Izimpawu ezihambisana nesandulela ngculazi nengculazi ziyehluka kuye ngesifo esingosomathuba kanye nesitho somzimba esithintekile. Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa:

• Izifo zamaphaphu, ngokuvamile ziholela ekukhwehleleni, imfiva, nobunzima bokuphefumula.
• Ukutheleleka kwamathumbu, okungase kubangele isifo sohudo, ubuhlungu besisu, ukuhlanza, nobunzima bokugwinya.
• Ezinye izimpawu ezijwayelekile njengokuncipha komzimba, imfiva, ukujuluka ebusuku, ukuqubuka, nokuvuvukala kwezindlala ze-lymph nazo zingase zibe khona.

Izimbangela:

I-HIV isakazwa ngokuyinhloko ngokushintshisana ngoketshezi oluthile lomzimba, okuhlanganisa igazi, isidoda, uketshezi lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, nobisi lwebele. Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu yokudluliselana ngezocansi, ikakhulukazi ucansi olungavikelekile nophathina onaleli gciwane. Ukwabelana ngezinaliti noma imijovo nomuntu onaleli gciwane, ukumpontshelwa igazi noma ukufakelwa isitho somunye umuntu onaleli gciwane, kanye nokudluliselwa kwengane esuka kumama isiya enganeni ngesikhathi sokubeletha noma sokuncelisa nakho kuyizindlela ezingenzeka zokudlulisela.

I-HIV ayisakazwa ngegazi noma ngezinqubo zokunikela ngesitho. Lapho abantu benikela ngegazi noma izitho zomzimba, abahlangani ngokuqondile nabamukeli. Ukwengeza, izinaliti eziyinyumba nezinsimbi zezokwelapha zihlala zisetshenziswa phakathi nalezi zinqubo.

Amabhange egazi nezinhlelo zokunikela ngezitho zenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwabanikelayo, igazi, nezicubu. Ngakho-ke, amathuba okuthola i-HIV ngokumpontshelwa igazi, imikhiqizo yegazi, noma ukufakelwa isitho noma izicubu zomzimba aphansi kakhulu.

Izinto ezandisa ingozi yokutheleleka nge-HIV zihlanganisa:

• Ukuhlanganyela ocansini olungavikelekile lwendunu noma lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, lapho ucansi lwendunu olwamukelekayo yilo oluyingozi kakhulu. Ukuba nabalingani bocansi abaningi nakho kuphakamisa ubungozi. Ukusebenzisa ikhondomu entsha ngendlela efanele ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini kunciphisa kakhulu le ngozi.
• Ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa nokwabelana ngezinaliti noma imijovo, okungabeka abantu engozini yegazi elingcolile noma uketshezi lomzimba.
• Ukuba nophathina ocansini one-HIV futhi ongayisebenzisi imishanguzo ye-HIV, njengoba lokhu kwandisa amathuba okutheleleka.
• Ukuthola isifo esithathelwana ngocansi (STD), okungase kube lula ukudluliswa kwe-HIV.

Ukwelashwa:

Nakuba lingekho ikhambi le-HIV noma i-AIDS, kukhona ukwelashwa kwe-HIV AIDS okutholakalayo okungasiza ekulawuleni igciwane futhi kuvimbele ukuqhubekela ku-AIDS. Ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane (ART) kuwukwelashwa okujwayelekile kwe-HIV. Imishanguzo yesifo sengculaza ihlanganisa inhlanganisela yemithi ecindezela igciwane, evumela amasosha omzimba ukuthi alulame futhi avimbele ukuqhubekela phambili ku-AIDS. Imishanguzo yegciwane lengculaza ikhonjiswe ukuthi iyasebenza kakhulu, ivumela abantu abanegciwane lesandulela ngculazi ukuthi baphile impilo ende futhi enempilo.

Ukwengeza kuma-ART, ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zingadingeka ukuze kulawuleke izimpawu kanye nezinkinga ze-HIV ne-AIDS. Isibonelo, imithi yokuvimbela nokwelapha izifo ezingosomathuba, njenge inyumoniya nesifo sofuba, kungase kunqunywe. Ukunakekelwa okusekelayo, njengokwelulekwa kanye nokwesekwa kokudla okunomsoco, nakho kungase kunconywe.

Esikhathini esedlule, abantu abane-HIV babevame ukuqala ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane uma isibalo samaseli e-CD4 sehlile noma lapho behlangabezana nezinkinga ezihlobene nokutheleleka nge-HIV. Nokho, namuhla, indlela enconyiwe ukuqala ukwelashwa kwe-HIV kubo bonke abantu abatholakala bene-HIV, ngisho noma isibalo samaseli e-CD4 sabo singaphakathi kwebanga elijwayelekile.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokwelashwa kwe-HIV:

• Imithi Yomlomo (Amaphilisi): Lezi zinqunyelwe kubantu abaqala imishanguzo ye-HIV.
• Imithi Ejovwayo (Amashothi): Abanye abantu bangathola imishanguzo ejovayo uma bezuze inani legciwane egazini elingabonakali (amazinga aphansi kakhulu e-HIV egazini) noma begcine ukucindezelwa kwegciwane okungenani izinyanga ezintathu. Le mijovo ingafakwa nyanga zonke noma njalo ngenyanga.

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi okuvamile kubalulekile ukuze kuqashwe umthamo wegciwane egazini, okala inani legciwane le-HIV egazini. Umgomo wokwelashwa uwukunciphisa igciwane lesandulela ngculaza egazini lifinyelele emazingeni aphansi kangangokuthi alibonakali lapho kuhlolwa.

Uma kuqalwa ukwelashwa, futhi ikakhulukazi uma isibalo samaseli e-CD4 sehlile ngaphambilini, isibalo se-CD4 ngokuvamile siqala ukwenyuka kancane kancane. Njengoba amasosha omzimba alulama, izinkinga ezihlobene nokutheleleka nge-HIV zivame ukuncipha noma zinyamalale.

I-HIV isakazeka kanjani

Ukuze uthole i-HIV, umuntu kufanele ahlangane negazi elinegciwane, isidoda, noma uketshezi lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, okungenzeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene:

• Ukuthintana Nocansi: Ukutheleleka kungenzeka ngocansi lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, indunu, noma ngomlomo nophathina one-HIV. Igciwane lingangena emzimbeni ngezilonda emlonyeni noma ngezinyembezi ezincane ezingavela ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini.
• Ukwabelana Ngenaliti: Ukwabelana ngezinaliti ezingcolile noma imijovo yokujova izidakamizwa kubangela ingozi enkulu yokudluliselwa kwe-HIV, kanye nezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo njenge-hepatitis.
• Ukumpontshelwa Igazi: Nakuba kuyivelakancane emazweni anokuhlolwa kwegazi okuqinile, ukudluliselwa kwe-HIV ngokumpontshelwa igazi kungenzeka. Ingozi iphezulu ezifundeni ezinezinsiza zokuhlola ezinomkhawulo.
• Ukutheleleka Kusuka Kumama kuya Enganeni: Omama abanaleli gciwane bangadlulisela igciwane ezinganeni zabo ngesikhathi bekhulelwe, bebeletha noma bezincelisa. Ukwelashwa ngesikhathi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kunganciphisa kakhulu le ngozi.

Prevention

Ukuvimbela ukudluliselwa kwe-HIV kuyisihluthulelo sokulawula ubhubhane. Kunamasu amaningana asebenzayo okuvimbela i-HIV, okuhlanganisa:

1. Ukwenza ucansi oluphephile ngokusebenzisa amakhondomu 

2. Ukuhlolelwa i-HIV njalo nezinye izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STIs)

3. Ukugwema ukwabelana nabanye ngezinaliti noma imijovo

4. Ukusebenzisa igazi elihloliwe kuphela kanye nemikhiqizo yesitho sokufakelwa noma ukufakelwa

5. Ukwelapha abesifazane abakhulelwe abatholakala benegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ukuvimbela ukusulelana ngegciwane lisuka kumama liye enganeni

Ukwengeza kulawa maqhinga, i-pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) umuthi ongaphuzwa abantu abasengozini enkulu ye-HIV ukuvimbela ukutheleleka.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-ELISA kubheka amasosha omzimba egazini noma ematheni. Uma umphumela uthi positive, ngokuvamile uqinisekiswa ukuhlolwa kokulandelela.
• Ukuhlola Okusheshayo Kwamasosha omzimba: Lokhu kunikeza imiphumela ngokushesha kunokuhlolwa kwe-ELISA.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Nucleic Acid (NAT): Lokhu kuhlola kubheka igciwane ngokuqondile egazini ngokuthola ufuzo lwalo. Isetshenziswa ezigabeni zokuqala zokutheleleka lapho amasosha omzimba engase angasebenzi.

Ukuhlolwa kwesizukulwane sesithathu kukhomba kokubili amasosha omzimba e-HIV nama-antigen, okuvumela ukutholwa ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwamasosha omzimba.

Amakhithi Okuhlola Asekhaya: Lezi zikhithi zivumela abantu ukuthi bazihlolele amathe noma igazi ekhaya. Imiphumela emihle yokuhlolwa kufanele iqinisekiswe uchwepheshe wezokunakekelwa kwempilo.

Izingozi ze-HIV

• Ukuya ocansini okungavikelekile kungandisa ingozi yokudluliselwa kwe-HIV.
• Ukwabelana ngezinaliti noma imijovo yokujova, ukubhoboza kungaholela ekudluliselweni kwe-HIV uma okokusebenza kungcolile.
• I-HIV ingadluliselwa isuka kumama one-HIV iye enganeni yakhe ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, lapho ebeletha, noma encelisa ibele.
• Abasebenzi bezempilo noma abantu abachayeke egazini noma oketshezini lomzimba endaweni yokusebenza ngaphandle kokuvikelwa basengozini.
• I-HIV ingasakazwa ngokumpontshelwa igazi elinegciwane noma ukufakelwa izitho zomzimba uma lowo onikelayo ene-HIV (yize kuyivelakancane kakhulu).
• Ukuba nezinye izifo ezithathelana ngokocansi kungandisa ingozi yokuthola i-HIV njengoba lezi zifo zingadala ukudluliswa kwe-HIV.

Ukuqonda lezi zici eziyingozi kanye nokuhlolelwa i-HIV njalo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuchayeka okungenzeka noma ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini eyingozi enkulu, kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale ngokushesha kanye nokwelashwa kusenesikhathi uma uthelelekile. Ukuvimbela ukudluliswa kwe-HIV kudinga izindlela eziphephile zokuya ocansini, ukusetshenziswa kwezinaliti eziyinyumba, kanye nokufuna ukunakekelwa okufanele kwezokwelapha.

Isiphetho

Sengiphetha, i-HIV ne-AIDS yizimo ezibucayi ezingaba nomthelela omkhulu empilweni. Nakuba lingekho ikhambi lalezi zimo, imithi yokwelapha iyatholakala engasiza ekulawuleni igciwane futhi kuvimbele ukuqhubekela ku-AIDS. Amasu okuvimbela, njengokuya ocansini oluphephile nokugwema ukwabelana ngezinaliti, abalulekile ekulawuleni ukusabalala kwe-HIV. Uma ucabanga ukuthi uke wachayeka ku-HIV, ukuhlolwa nokufuna usizo lwezokwelapha kusenesikhathi kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni imiphumela futhi kuvimbele ukusabalala kwegciwane.

Kubalulekile ukuthintana nodokotela oqeqeshiwe uma kwenzeka uke wachayeka kunoma yikuphi kwalokhu okungenhla futhi ubonise noma yiziphi izimpawu. Sicela uvakashele www.carehospital.com futhi ulungise isikhathi esimisiwe uma ufisa ukuthola usizo lwezokwelapha.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

1. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-HIV ne-AIDS?

Igciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi liyahluka ngokuthi igciwane lesandulela ngculaza linciphisa amandla amasosha akho omzimba, kanti ingculazi iyisimo esingaba khona ngenxa yokutheleleka nge-HIV lapho amasosha akho omzimba esengozini kakhulu.

I-AIDS ngeke ibe khona ngaphandle uma ungenwe i-HIV. Ngenhlanhla, ngokwelashwa okunciphisa umthelela wegciwane, akubona bonke abantu abane-HIV abangaba nengculazi. Nokho, uma kungekho ukwelashwa, cishe bonke abantu abane-HIV ekugcineni bazodlulela ku-AIDS.

2. Yande kangakanani i-HIV?

Ukutheleleka okusha kwe-HIV kuye kwancipha. Ngo-2019, bekunabantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyi-1.2 abaphila ne-HIV e-United States. Ngokushaqisayo, cishe u-13% wabo awusazi isimo sabo se-HIV, ogcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlolelwa i-HIV njalo.

3. Yiziphi izigaba ze-HIV?

Ukutheleleka nge-HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) kuqhubeka ngezigaba eziningana, futhi ukuqina kwesifo kuyahlukahluka esigabeni ngasinye. Izigaba zokutheleleka nge-HIV yilezi:

• I-Acute HIV Infection: Isigaba sokuqala esinezimpawu ezinjengomkhuhlane noma zingabikho.
• I-Clinical Latency (Ukutheleleka Nge-HIV Okungamahlalakhona): Isigaba esithule esingenazimpawu noma ezithambile.
• Ukutheleleka Nge-HIV Okuphawulekayo: Abanye baba nezimpawu, ezihlanganisa umkhuhlane, isifo sohudo, nokuncipha kwesisindo.
• I-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Isigaba esithuthukisiwe esinomonakalo omkhulu wamasosha omzimba, okuholela ezifweni ezingosomathuba kanye nezifo ezichaza i-AIDS.

4. Yiziphi izifo ezichaza i-AIDS?

Izifo ezichaza i-AIDS yizimo ezithile zezokwelapha ezivame ukwenzeka kubantu abane-HIV ephakeme (AIDS). Lezi zifo zihlanganisa izifo ezinzima ezingosomathuba kanye nomdlavuza othile, njenge-Kaposi's sarcoma, i-Pneumocystis pneumonia, kanye nomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho ohlaselayo. Ukuba khona kwabo kuyinkomba eyinhloko yokuxilonga ingculaza.

5. Yiziphi izivivinyo ezihlonza i-HIV?

Ukuhlola okuningana kusetshenziselwa ukuhlonza ukutheleleka nge-HIV:

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV Antibody: Ihlonza amasosha omzimba akhiqizwa amasosha omzimba ukuphendula i-HIV. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zifaka i-ELISA kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-antibody okusheshayo. Uma unayo, ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kuyenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Nucleic Acid (NAT): Ithola ngokuqondile izakhi zofuzo zegciwane. Isetshenziselwa ukutholwa kusenesikhathi, futhi inembe kakhulu.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Antigen-Antibody (Isizukulwane Sesine noma Ukuhlolwa Kwenhlanganisela): Ithola kokubili amasosha omzimba e-HIV nama-antigen (amaprotheni anegciwane), anikeze ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kunokuhlolwa kwamasosha omzimba kuphela.
• Amakhithi Okuhlola I-HIV asekhaya: Zitholakalela ukuzihlola, zisebenzisa uketshezi lomlomo noma amasampula egazi futhi zinikeze imiphumela ekhaya.
• Isibalo samaseli e-CD4: Ikala impilo yamasosha omzimba futhi isiza ukuhlola ukuqhubeka kwe-HIV.
• Ukuhlolwa Komthwalo Wegciwane: Ikala inani le-HIV egazini, ihlola ukusebenza kwegciwane kanye nempumelelo yokwelashwa.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Western Blot: Isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukutheleleka nge-HIV lapho ukuhlolwa kwe-antibody ku-positive.
• Ukuhlola Indawo Yokunakekela (POC): Ukuhlola okusheshayo okunikeza imiphumela esheshayo, evame ukusetshenziswa emitholampilo nasezilungiselelweni zokufinyelela.