Inyumoniya: Izimbangela, Izimpawu Nezici Zengozi

I-pneumonia uhlobo lokutheleleka kwamaphaphu okubangelwa amagciwane, amagciwane, isikhunta, noma izimuncagazi. Kungaba yingozi empilweni uma kungelashwa ngendlela efanele. Kubangela ukuthi amasaka omoya ephaphu elilodwa noma womabili avuvuke. Amasaka omoya angakwazi ukuvaleka ubomvu (i-purulent material) noma uketshezi, okuholela ekubeni ubomvu noma i-phlegm, ubunzima bokuphefumula, ukugodola, kanye nomkhuhlane. Ubukhulu besifo senyumoniya bungasukela kokuncane kuye kokusongela ukuphila. Kuyingozi ikakhulukazi ezinganeni, abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65, nalabo abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka noma izinkinga zempilo.

Izimpawu nezimpawu zePneumonia zisukela kokuncane kuye kokuqina. Lezi zimpawu zincike ngokuphelele ohlotsheni lwegciwane elidala isifo, kanye nempilo yakho yonke kanye neminyaka yakho. Izimpawu nezimpawu ezithambile ngokuvamile zifana nesifo esivamile, okuhlanganisa umkhuhlane noma umkhuhlane. Kodwa-ke, endabeni ye-pneumonia, lezi zimpawu nezimpawu zivame ukuhlala isikhathi eside. Izinsana nezinsana ziyaziwa ngokungabonisi zimpawu noma izimpawu zokutheleleka. Nokho, bangase babe nobunzima bokudla noma ukuphefumula, babonakale bekhathele futhi bengaphumuli, babe nokukhwehlela nomkhuhlane, kanye nokuhlanza.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zenyumoniya? 

Inyumoniya ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningana ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezifana ne-causative agent, lapho ukutheleleka kwatholakala khona, kanye nempilo yonke yomuntu othintekile. Nazi ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile ze-pneumonia:

• Inyumoniya Etholwe Umphakathi (CAP): Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu futhi lubhekisela ku-pneumonia etholakala ngaphandle kwezilungiselelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, njengasekhaya, emsebenzini, noma esikoleni.
• Inyumoniya Etholwe Esibhedlela (HAP): Okwaziwa nangokuthi i-nosocomial pneumonia, lolu hlobo lwenzeka kubantu abalaliswe esibhedlela ngenxa yesinye isifo noma inqubo. Ngokuvamile kubangelwa amagciwane amelana nemithi elwa namagciwane.
• I-Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP): Lolu uhlobo oluncane lwe-HAP lwenzeka ngokukhethekile kubantu abadonsa umoya ngomshini. Ingozi iyanda kulabo abangena umoya isikhathi eside.
• I-bacterial Pneumonia: Ibangelwa amagciwane ahlukahlukene, kanti i-Streptococcus pneumoniae iyona evame kakhulu. Amanye amagciwane, afana ne-Haemophilus influenzae kanye ne-Legionella pneumophila, nawo angabangela inyumoniya yebhaktheriya.
• I-Viral Pneumonia: Ibangelwa amagciwane, okuhlanganisa igciwane lomkhuhlane, i-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), namanye. I-viral pneumonia ivame kakhulu ezinganeni kodwa ingathinta abantu babo bonke ubudala.
• I-Mycoplasma Pneumonia: Ibangelwa i-bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Kuvame ukudala izimpawu ezithambile futhi kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-pneumonia ehambayo."
• I-Fungal Pneumonia: Ibangelwa isikhunta, njenge-Pneumocystis jirovecii, evamile kubantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka. Ezinye izimbangela zesikhunta zihlanganisa i-Histoplasma capsulatum kanye ne-Cryptococcus neoformans.
• I-Aspiration Pneumonia: Imiphumela yokuhogela ukudla, uketshezi, amathe, noma okokuhlanza emaphashini. I-aspiration pneumonia ingenzeka lapho umuntu enenkinga yokugwinya.
• I-Atypical Pneumonia: Kubhekiselwa ku-pneumonia ebangelwa amagciwane angavamile, okuhlanganisa i-Mycoplasma pneumoniae, i-Chlamydophila pneumoniae, ne-Legionella pneumophila. Inyumoniya ye-atypical ngokuvamile iveza izimpawu ezithambile.
• Inyumoniya yokuhamba: Ngokuvamile ibhekisela ohlotsheni oluncane lwenyumoniya, ngokuvamile olubangelwa i-Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Kungase kubangele izimpawu ezingenamandla kakhulu, okuvumela umuntu ukuthi aqhubeke nemisebenzi yansuku zonke.

Izinkinga Zenyumoniya

Inyumoniya ingakhula lapho amasosha akho omzimba esabela ekuthelelekeni emasakeni amancane omoya wamaphaphu akho (alveoli), okuholela ekuvuvukeni, ekuvuvukeni, nasekuvuzekeni koketshezi.

Amagciwane ahlukahlukene, amagciwane, kanye nesikhunta angabangela izifo ezibangela inyumoniya. Kubantu abadala, amagciwane ayizisulu eziyinhloko, kuyilapho amagciwane evame ukubangela inyumoniya ezinganeni ezifunda isikole. Izifo ezivamile ezihlobene ne-pneumonia zihlanganisa:

• Umkhuhlane ovamile (obangelwa yi-rhinovirus).
• I-COVID-19 (idalwe yi-SARS-COV-2).
• Umkhuhlane noma umkhuhlane (obangelwa igciwane lomkhuhlane).
• I-metapneumovirus yomuntu (HMPV).
• I-Human Parainfluenza virus (HPIV).
• Isifo sikaLegionnaires.
• I-Mycoplasma pneumonia yebhaktheriya.
• Isifo se-pneumococcal.
• I-Pneumocystis pneumonia.
• I-Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Izimpawu Zenyumoniya

Izimpawu zenyumoniya zingahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi iyini imbangela, futhi zingase zihluke kakhulu kuye kwezinzima. Amaqembu eminyaka ahlukene angase abonise izimpawu ezihlukile. Nazi izimpawu ezisuselwe kumbangela kanye namaqembu athile eminyaka yobudala:

• Izimpawu ze-bacterial Pneumonia:
  • Ukuqala kancane noma kungazelelwe.
  • Ukushisa okuphezulu (kufika ku-105 F noma 40.55 C).
  • Ukukhwehlela okuphuzi, okuluhlaza okotshani, noma okunegazi.
  • Ukukhathala.
  • Ukuphefumula ngokushesha.
  • Ukuphelelwa umoya.
  • Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo.
  • Ukujuluka noma ukugodola.
  • Ubuhlungu besifuba kanye/noma ubuhlungu besisu, ikakhulukazi ngokukhwehlela noma ukuphefumula okujulile.
  • Ukuphelelwa isifiso sokudla.
  • Isikhumba esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izindebe, noma izinzipho (cyanosis).
  • Ukudideka noma isimo somqondo esishintshile.
• Izimpawu ze-Viral Pneumonia:
  • Thuthukisa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.
  • Izimpawu ezifanayo nenyumoniya yebhaktheriya.
  • Ukwengeza, kungase kuhlanganise ukukhwehlela okomile, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ubuhlungu bemisipha, ukukhathala okukhulu, noma ubuthakathaka.
• Izimpawu ze-pneumonia ezinganeni:
  • Imfiva, ukugodola, ukungakhululeki okuvamile, ukujuluka/ukuphaphatheka kwesikhumba.
  • Khwehlela.
  • Ukuphefumula kanzima noma ukuphefumula ngokushesha (tachypnea).
  • Ukuphelelwa isifiso sokudla.
  • Ukuvota.
  • Ukuntuleka kwamandla.
  • Ukungahlaliseki noma ukuxokozela.
  • Izimpawu ezinganeni: ukuququda noma ukuphefumula okunomsindo, ukuncipha kokuchama, isikhumba esiphaphathekile, ukuxhuga, ukukhala okukhulu, ubunzima bokudla.
• Izimpawu ze-pneumonia kubantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65:
  • Izimpawu ezithambile noma ezibonakala kancane (isb, ukukhwehlela kanye nokuphelelwa umoya).
  • Ukuwohloka kwezimo zempilo eziqhubekayo.
  • Ukushintsha okungazelelwe kwesimo sengqondo.
  • Ukungakuthandi ukudla.
  • Ukukhathala.

Ngingayivimbela kanjani inyumoniya?

Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuvimbela inyumoniya ukuthola imigomo yokulwa namagciwane namagciwane avame ukuhlotshaniswa nalesi simo. Ukwengeza, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha zansuku zonke kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi ye-pneumonia.

Imithi yokugomela inyumoniya iza ngezinhlobo ezimbili (isibhamu) futhi iklanyelwe ukuvimbela inyumoniya ebangelwa amagciwane e-pneumococcal. Uma iqhathaniswa nesibhamu somkhuhlane, le mithi yokugoma ayinikezi isivikelo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenyumoniya; nokho, uma ukugula kwenzeka, mancane amathuba okuthi kube kubi kakhulu.

Imithi yokugomela i-pneumococcal: I-Pneumovax23® ne-Prevnar13® inikeza isivikelo kumagciwane e-pneumonia. Zinconyelwe amaqembu athile eminyaka yobudala noma abantu abasengozini ephakeme yenyumoniya. Xhumana nomhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo ukuze uthole umuthi wokugoma ofanele wena noma obathandayo.

• Imithi yokugoma ngegciwane: Njengoba amagciwane athile angaholela kunyumoniya, ukugonyelwa i-COVID-19 kanye nomkhuhlane kunganciphisa ingozi yenyumoniya.
• Ukugonywa kwezingane: Kulabo abanezingane, buza nomhlinzeki wabo wezempilo mayelana neminye imithi yokugoma enconyiwe. Imithi yokugoma eminingana yezingane iyasebenza ekuvimbeleni izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane namagciwane ahlobene nenyumoniya.

Ezinye Izinyathelo Zokuvimbela

Ngaphandle kokugoma, ukuthatha imikhuba enempilo kungaba nomthelela ekwehliseni ingozi yenyumoniya:

• Yeka ukubhema futhi ugweme ukuchayeka entuthuni kagwayi ukuze uvimbele ukulimala kwamaphaphu futhi wehlise ukungenwa yizifo.
• Gcina izandla zihlanzekile ngokugeza izandla ngensipho namanzi ngaphambi kokudla, ukuphatha ukudla, nangemva kokusebenzisa indlu yangasese. Izibulali magciwane ezisekelwe otshwaleni zingasetshenziswa uma insipho ingatholakali.
• Gwema ukusondelana nokwabelana ngezinto nabantu abanezifo ezithathelwanayo njengomkhuhlane, umkhuhlane, noma i-COVID-19.
• Ezilungiselelweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo, buza mayelana nezinyathelo zokunciphisa ubungozi bokutheleleka ngesikhathi uhlala.
• Landela indlela yokuphila enempilo, kuhlanganise nokudla okunomsoco, ukuvivinya umzimba njalo, nokuphumula okwanele.
• Funa ukwelashwa ngezifo ezikhona noma izimo zezempilo ezingase zenze amasosha omzimba abe buthaka, okwandisa ubungozi benyumoniya.
• Nciphisa uphuzo oludakayo ukuze ugweme imiphumela engemihle engase ibe khona emsebenzini wokuzivikela komzimba.

Uzovakashela Nini Udokotela?

Udinga ukubonana nodokotela wakho uma ubona izimpawu ze-pneumonia, okuhlanganisa ukuba nenkinga yokuphefumula, ukukhwehlela okungapheli (ikakhulukazi uma ukhwehlela ubomvu), umkhuhlane ophezulu ongapheli (ongu-102°F noma 39°C), noma ubuhlungu besifuba. Abantu abangaphakathi kwalezi zigaba ezisengozini enkulu badinga ukuvakashela udokotela ngokushesha okukhulu: 

• Abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65.
• Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emi-2 ezinezimpawu nezimpawu.
• Iziguli ezithatha i-chemotherapy noma ezithatha imithi ye-immunosuppressive. 
• Abantu abanesimo sezokwelapha esivele sikhona noma amasosha omzimba abuthakathaka. 

Inyumoniya ingaba isimo esisongela ukuphila kubantu abathile abanezinkinga zamaphaphu ezingapheli noma ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo. 

Izingozi Zezingozi

Noma ubani angathola inyumoniya. Nokho, amaqembu obudala asengozini enkulu ahlanganisa:

• Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili.
• Abantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65.

Ezinye izici zobungozi zihlanganisa:

• Ukubhema: Ukubhema kwandisa amathuba okuba nenyumoniya. Ivamise ukulimaza izivikelo zemvelo zomzimba ngokumelene namagciwane namabhaktheriya abangela inyumoniya. 
• Isifuba Somoya: Abantu abanesifuba somoya banamathuba amaningi okuba nenyumoniya kunabantu abangenaso isifuba somoya.
• I-Immunosuppression: Abantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka bathambekele ekubeni nenyumoniya. Laba bahlanganisa abantu abane-HIV/AIDS, abalashwa noma abalashwe ngamakhemikhali, labo abafakelwa isitho somzimba, kanye nalabo abathola ama-steroid esikhathi eside. 
• Diabetes: Abantu abanesifo sikashukela banamathuba amaningi okuba nenyumoniya kunabantu abangenaso isifo sikashukela.
• Ukulaliswa esibhedlela: Uma usebenzisa umshini wokuphefumula (umshini osiza ekuphefumuleni) e-ICU (Iyunithi Yokunakekela Kakhulu) usengozini enkulu yokuba nenyumoniya. 

amazwi okugcina

Iningi labantu lijwayele ukululama kunyumoniya ngokwelashwa okufanele. Kodwa-ke, kungaholela ezinkingeni ezithile, ikakhulukazi kulabo abasengozini enkulu. Lezi zinkinga zingabandakanya amagciwane asakazekela egazini nakwezinye izitho, ithumba lamaphaphu, ukugcwala koketshezi emaphashini, nobunzima obunzima bokuphefumula. Inyumoniya ingabulala ngisho ezimweni ezithile. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukufuna usizo lwezokwelapha kwabakwa- Isibhedlela esingcono kakhulu se-pulmonology e-Raipur uma usola ukuthi ungase ube nenyumoniya.