Inyumoniya Ezinganeni: Izimbangela, Izimpawu kanye Nokwelashwa

Inyumoniya yisifo esivamile samaphaphu esenza kube nzima ezigulini ukuphefumula kalula. Lokhu kutheleleka kubangelwa amagciwane, isikhunta noma amagciwane abangela ukuthi amasaka omoya emaphashini agcwale iphlegm noma amafinyila. Kungaba yisifo esiyingozi uma singelashwa ngesikhathi nangendlela efanele yokwelashwa. Nakhu okufanele ukwazi uma I-pneumonia ikhula ezinganeni.

Iyini Inyumoniya Ezinganeni?

Izingane zibhekwa njengezisulu ezivame kakhulu ze-Pneumonia. Ukutheleleka kwe-pneumonia kungaba mnene noma kubi kakhulu. Inyumoniya eyingozi ezinganeni, ikakhulukazi lezo ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala, iyimbangela enkulu yokukhathazeka. Ngokwezibalo ze-WHO, Inyumoniya ithathwa njengembangela eyodwa enkulu yokufa kwezingane emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-2019 kuphela, Inyumoniya yabalelwa ku-14% wakho konke ukufa kwezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala. 

Yini ebangela Inyumoniya Enganeni?

Amagciwane noma Amagciwane ngokuvamile abangela Inyumoniya. Lolu hlobo lokutheleleka lusakazeka ngokushesha futhi lungasakazeka ngokushesha lusuka komunye luye komunye. Kwezinye izimo, inyumoniya ingabangelwa izinhlobo ezithile zesikhunta. Izifo ezivame kakhulu ezibangela inyumoniya yizi:

• I-Adenovirus
• Iqembu B Streptococcus
• Igciwane lomkhuhlane
• I-Mycoplasma Pneumonia
• I-Parainfluenza Virus
• I-Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). 
• I-Staphylococcus Aureus
• I-Streptococcus Pneumoniae
• Isikhunta esifana ne-Pneumocystis, Cryptococcus, noma i-Aspergillus.

Yiziphi Izingane Ezisengozini Yenyumoniya?

Nakuba zonke izingane ngokuvamile ziyizisulu ezivame kakhulu ze-Pneumonia, ngokulandelayo sishilo izici eziyingozi ze-pneumonia lokho kukhulisa kuphela amathuba okuthi bathole ukutheleleka:

• Ukutheleleka okusengozini ngenxa yezimo zezempilo eziqhubekayo njengomdlavuza, HIV, Njll
• Izinkinga zempilo ufuba noma i-cystic fibrosis
• Izinkinga zamaphaphu ezikhona
• Ukuthola intuthu kagwayi, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezingaphansi konyaka owodwa.

Yiziphi izimpawu ezivamile Zenyumoniya Enganeni?

Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zenyumoniya ezinganeni zifaka:

• Ama-Chills
• Ubuhlungu ngenkathi ukhwehlela
• ubuhlungu besifuba 
• Ukukhwehlela okukhiqiza amafinyila
• Ukuphefumula ngokushesha noma kanzima
• Fever
• Ukuxokozela
• bekhanda
• Ukulahlekelwa kwesifiso
• Ukukhathala (fatigue)
• Ukuhlanza noma isifo sohudo

Uma uhlangabezana nanoma yiziphi izimpawu zalezi ezingenhla, thintana nodokotela wakho ngaphambi kokuba ukutheleleka kube kubi kakhulu.

Itholakala Kanjani Inyumoniya Enganeni?

Odokotela babevame ukuhlola izingane ezinokukhwehlela okungapheli kanye namakhaza ukuthi azinayo yini Inyumoniya. Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu yokuxilonga inyumoniya ezinganeni iwukuhlola ukubukeka kwengane, indlela yokuphefumula, nezimpawu ezibalulekile zengane. Ukuze uthole ukuqinisekiswa okwengeziwe, i-X-ray yesifuba ingase i-odwe kanye nokuhlolwa kwegazi. Izindlela ezengeziwe eziwusizo ekuxilongeni Inyumoniya ezinganeni yilezi:

• I-bronchoscopy
• I-CT scan yesifuba
• Isiko le-Pleural fluid
• I-Pulse oximetry
• Isiko lesikhwehlela.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-Childhood Pneumonia?

Inyumoniya yezingane ivela ngezinhlobo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi ibangelwa yini, ithinta kuphi umzimba, nokuthi ivela kanjani. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa inyumoniya ebangelwa amagciwane, amagciwane, noma amanye amagciwane, ngalinye lihlasela izingane ngezindlela ezithile.

• I-Viral Pneumonia: Ibangelwa amagciwane afana nomkhuhlane noma i-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Kuvamile futhi kungenza ukuphefumula kube nzima.
• I-bacterial Pneumonia: Ibangelwa amagciwane afana ne-Streptococcus pneumonia. Lolu hlobo lungaba lubi kakhulu futhi ludinga ama-antibiotic ukuze lwelaphe.
• I-Aspiration Pneumonia: Kwenzeka lapho ingane ihogela ukudla, uketshezi, noma hlanza emaphashini abo, okuholela ekungenweni izifo.
• I-Atypical Pneumonia: Ibangelwa amagciwane ahlukene njenge-Mycoplasma noma i-Chlamydia. Kungabangela izimpawu ezithambile uma kuqhathaniswa nenyumoniya yebhaktheriya.
• I-Fungal Pneumonia: Ibangelwa isikhunta esifana ne-Pneumocystis jirovecii, ngokuvamile ibonakala ezinganeni ezinezivikeli mzimba ezibuthakathaka.

Yelashwa Kanjani Inyumoniya Enganeni?

I-Bacterial Pneumonia ivamise ukwelashwa ngemithi elwa namagciwane. Iningi le-viral Pneumonia kufanele lizipholele ngokwalo njengoba kungekho ukwelashwa okutholakalayo kubo. Esimeni esinjalo, ukwelashwa kuqondiswe ekudambiseni izimpawu esikhundleni sokulwa negciwane. Esimeni se-pneumonia ye-fungal, ukwelashwa kuhlanganisa izidakamizwa ze-antifungal, noma ezimeni ezinzima, ukuchithwa kokuhlinzwa kungase kudingeke kwenziwe. Uma ukutheleleka kubi kakhulu, ingane ingase ingeniswe esibhedlela. Ukwelashwa esibhedlela kuzohlanganisa okulandelayo.

I-Intravenous kanye/noma i-Antibiotics yomlomo: 

• Ukwelashwa kokuphefumula
• Uketshezi lwe-IV
• Ukwelashwa kwe-oxygen
• Ukumunca ukususa amafinyila

Ezinye Izindlela Ezihloliwe:

Ezinye izindlela ezingasiza ekudambiseni izimpawu ekhaya nasesibhedlela zihlanganisa:

• Ukuthatha Imithi Yokukhwehlela Nemfiva
• AmaHumidifiers 
• Ukudla uketshezi oluningi
• Ukuthola ukuphumula okuningi.

Yiziphi Izinkinga Zezokwelapha Ezingaba Khona Zenyumoniya Enganeni?

Inkinga enzima kakhulu yePneumonia ukuthi ithinta ukuphefumula kabi. Lokhu kungabeka impilo engozini. Enye inkinga ehambisana nenyumoniya ukuthi ukutheleleka ngebhaktheriya kungase kungene egazini.

• Ngisho nokwelashwa, abanye abantu abanenyumoniya, ikakhulukazi labo abasengozini enkulu, bangase babe nezinkinga, ezihlanganisa:
• Amagciwane angena egazini: Amagciwane amaphaphu angasakazeka egazini, okungase kuholele ekuhlulekeni kwezitho zomzimba.
• Ubunzima bokuphefumula: Inyumoniya enzima noma engaphansi umphunga izimo zingase zidale izinkinga zokuthathwa komoyampilo, okudinga ukulaliswa esibhedlela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-ventilator ukuze kululame.
• Ukunqwabelana koketshezi emaphashini: Inyumoniya ingabangela ukunqwabelana koketshezi phakathi kwezingqimba zamathishu amaphaphu nesifuba. Uma unegciwane, kungadingeka ukudonsa amanzi ngeshubhu lesifuba noma ukuhlinzwa.
• Ithumba lamaphaphu: Ukunqwabelana kobovu emgodini wamaphaphu kungase kwakheke ithumba, elivame ukuphathwa ngama-antibiotics futhi ngezinye izikhathi lidinga ukugeleza kwamanzi ngenaliti noma ishubhu.

Ukuvimbela Inyumoniya

Ukuvimbela inyumoniya:

• Goma: Imithi yokugoma iyatholakala ukuvimbela izinhlobo ezithile zenyumoniya nomkhuhlane. Xoxa nodokotela wakho ngezinketho zokugoma, ikakhulukazi uma iziqondiso zishintshile kusukela ekugomeni kwakho kokugcina.
• Qinisekisa ukuthi izingane ziyagonywa: Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emi-2 kanye nalezo ezineminyaka engu-2-5 ezisengozini enkulu kufanele zithole imigomo ethile ye-pneumonia. Umkhuhlane amashothi nawo anconyelwe izingane ezingaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisi-6 kanye nalezo ezikuzilungiselelo zokunakekela izingane zeqembu.
• Zijwayeze ukuhlanzeka: Ukugeza izandla njalo nokusebenzisa izibulali magciwane ezisekelwe etshwaleni kungavikela ezifweni zokuphefumula ezingase zibangele inyumoniya.
• Gcina amasosha omzimba aqinile: Lala ngokwanele, Ukuvivinya njalo, futhi udle ukudla okulinganiselayo ukuze usekele impilo yonke kanye nokuzivikela komzimba.

Kufanele ngishayele nini Umhlinzeki Wezempilo Wengane yami?  

Inyumoniya yisifo esibi kakhulu. Bheka ingane yakho ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi uxhumane nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo ngokushesha uma izimpawu ezilandelayo ziqhubeka noma kuvela izimpawu ezintsha njengoba zibalulwe ngezansi:

• Umkhuhlane ongapheli
• Izinkinga zokuphefumula ezifana nobunzima bokuphefumula, ukuhefuzela noma ukukhononda lapho ulele njll.
• Ukuqina kwentamo
• Amalunga avuvukele
• Inkinga yokudla noma yokuphuza
• I-Lethargic ngokweqile

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela nokuqaphela uma kuziwa empilweni yakho noma yabathandekayo bakho (ikakhulukazi izingane). Inyumoniya iyisifo esiyingozi ngempela. Nokho, uma ingane yakho inenkontileka, ungacindezeli. Thatha izinyathelo ezidingekayo futhi ulandele imiyalelo kadokotela. Izingane eziningi zizolulama emasontweni angu-2-4 ngokwelashwa okufanele. 

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

1. Indlela yokuvimbela inyumoniya ezinganeni?

Impendulo: Ukuvimbela inyumoniya ezinganeni:

• Qinisekisa ukuthi izingane zithola imigomo enconyiwe, okuhlanganisa inyumoniya kanye umkhuhlane Imigomo.
• Zijwayeze inhlanzeko ngokukhuthaza ukugeza izandla njalo.
• Gwema ukuchayeka entuthuni kagwayi futhi ugcine indlela yokuphila enempilo ukuze usekele umsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba.

2. Iyini inyumoniya ehambayo ezinganeni?

I-Ans: Inyumoniya ehambayo, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-atypical inyumoniya, iwuhlobo oluncane lwenyumoniya olubangelwa amagciwane athile noma amagciwane. Ngokuvamile kubangela izimpawu ezithambile uma kuqhathaniswa nenyumoniya evamile kodwa kusengadinga ukunakekelwa nokwelashwa.

3. Ingabe i-azithromycin ingayelapha inyumoniya ezinganeni?

Impendulo: Yebo, i-azithromycin iyinhlangano i-antibiotic evame ukusetshenziselwa ukwelapha izinhlobo ezithile zenyumoniya ezinganeni ezibangelwa amagciwane atholakala kalula kulo muthi. Kodwa-ke, ukukhethwa kwemithi elwa namagciwane kuncike ohlotsheni oluthile kanye nobukhulu benyumoniya, futhi ukwelashwa kufanele kunqunywe umhlinzeki wezempilo.

4. Ingabe i-pneumonia ingabanga ubuhlungu besisu ezinganeni?

Izimpendulo: Yebo, inyumoniya ngezinye izikhathi ingabangela ubuhlungu besisu (esisu) ezinganeni, ikakhulukazi uma ukutheleleka kuthinta amalobe aphansi amaphaphu. Lobu buhlungu bungenzeka ngenxa yokucasuka kwe-diaphragm (umsipha ohlukanisa isifuba nesisu) noma ubuhlungu obudluliselwe emaphashini.

5. Ithathelwana kangakanani inyumoniya ezinganeni?

Izimpendulo: Inyumoniya ingathathelana, ikakhulukazi uma ibangelwa amagciwane afana namagciwane noma amagciwane. Ukusulelana kuncike kumbangela ethile yenyumoniya. Ezinye izinhlobo zenyumoniya, njengalezo ezibangelwa amagciwane afana ne-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), i-adenovirus, noma umkhuhlane, zithathelwana kakhulu futhi zingasabalala kalula phakathi kwezingane ngamaconsi okuphefumula. I-bacterial pneumonia ingase itheleleke kodwa ngokuvamile idinga ukuthintana eduze ukuze idluliselwe.