Isifo Sofuba: Izimpawu Nezimbangela

Isifo sofuba esaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-TB siyingozi kakhulu isifo samaphaphu. Kuyisifo esibangelwa amagciwane esisakazeka sisuka kumuntu esithelelanayo siye kumuntu ophile kahle ngamaconsi analeli gciwane ngokuthimula nangokukhwehlela. 

Lesi sifo sasiyivelakancane kakhulu kodwa saqala ukwanda kusukela ngo-1985 ngokwanda kwezibalo ze-HIV AIDS (lokhu kwakuyimbangela enkulu ngoba umuntu onaleli gciwane wayeba sengozini yokuzivikela komzimba okuholela ekwehleni kwekhono lomzimba lokulwa namagciwane abangela i-TB).

Imishanguzo esetshenziswa kabanzi ye-TB manje isibona ukumelana nezinhlobo eziningi ze-TB ngakho-ke, abantu abanaleli gciwane banganikezwa inhlanganisela yemithamo ukuvimbela ukumelana nama-antibiotic. Umuntu onegciwane ngokuvamile akatheleleki ngemva kwamaviki ama-3 emithi eqhubekayo.

Sivame Kangakanani Isifo Sofuba?

Isifo sofuba siseyinkinga yezempilo edlangile emhlabeni wonke, ethinta izigidi emhlabeni wonke. Kuvame kakhulu emazweni asathuthuka lapho kunokufinyelela okulinganiselwe ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kanye nezimo zokuphila ezimbi. Nokho, likhona nasemazweni asethuthukile, nakuba lisezingeni eliphansi.

Impela! Nakhu ukucutshungulwa okuningiliziwe kwezinqubo zokuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwesifo sofuba (TB).

Izimpawu Zesifo Sofuba

Imizimba yethu inamandla okuvikela amagciwane abangela i-TB. Imizimba yethu inamasosha omzimba angakwazi ukuyibona futhi isivimbele ekubambeni ukugula. Ngakho, odokotela baye bahlukanisa i-TB yaba kabili kuye ngezimpawu zesifo sofuba:

1. Isifo Sofuba Esilele: Kulokhu, umuntu ungenwa i-TB kodwa akanazo nhlobo izimpawu. Lokhu okuhlukile kwaziwa nangokuthi ukutheleleka kwe-TB noma i-TB engasebenzi. Lokhu akuthelelani ngokwemvelo kodwa ukwelashwa kwakho kubalulekile ngoba kungashintsha kube i-Active TB noma nini kamuva.

2. Isifo Sofuba Esisebenzayo: Lokhu okuhlukile kubonisa izimpawu futhi kungakwenza ugule. Lokhu kwaziwa nangokuthi isifo sofuba. Lokhu kungasakazekela kwabanye ngamaconsi asemoyeni. Kungenzeka ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa ngisho nangemva kweminyaka embalwa umuntu etheleleke ngamagciwane abangela i-TB!  

Ezinye zezimpawu nezimpawu ze-TB zihlanganisa:

• Ukulahlekelwa kwesifiso

• Izithukuthuku ebusuku

• Ukukhathala okukhulu

• ubuhlungu besifuba

• Ubuhlungu bokukhwehlela nokuphefumula

• Ukukhwehlela okungapheli amaviki ama-3 noma ngaphezulu

• Ama-Chills

• Fever

• Ukuncipha kwesisindo okungahlosiwe noma okungafunwa

• Ukukhwehlela amafinyila noma igazi 

Ukwelashwa kwesifo sofuba ngodokotela onguchwepheshe we-TB e-Hyderabad ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba ingathinta ezinye izitho zomzimba njengobuchopho, umgogodla noma izinso.

Izimbangela Zesifo Sofuba

Ngokuvamile asiqapheli ukuthi sikhiphela amaconsi amancane emoyeni noma nini lapho sikhuluma, sikhwehlela noma sithimula. Lawa ma-microdroplets aba umthwali wamagciwane abangela i-TB. Lapho umuntu one-TB ephilayo ehleka, ekhuluma, ecula, ekhwehlela noma ethimula, ukhulula amagciwane abangela i-TB kanye namaconsi amancane asemoyeni. 

Nakuba i-TB isakazeka kalula kodwa kunzima ukuyibamba; kungaba nezinto ezimbalwa ezingavumela ukusabalala kwe-TB kalula njengalezi:

• Amasosha omzimba asengozini

• Ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ze-IV

• Ukuhambela izindawo noma ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinamazinga aphezulu kunofuba olujwayelekile

• Ukuphuza utshwala ngobuningi

• Ukuhlala nomuntu onegciwane

• Ukusebenza ezindaweni ezingenawo umoya ohlanzekile futhi ominyene kakhulu izibhedlela zabagula ngengqondo, amajele, amakhaya asebekhulile njll

Sifo

1. Umlando Wezokwelapha kanye Nokuhlolwa Komzimba: Abahlinzeki bezempilo baqala ngokuxoxa ngomlando wakho wezokwelapha, izimpawu, kanye nokuhlola umzimba ukuze bahlole izimpawu zokutheleleka nge-TB, njengokuvuvukala kwama-lymph nodes noma imisindo yokuphefumula engavamile emaphashini.
2. Ukuhlolwa Kwesikhumba kwe-Tuberculin (TST): Lokhu kuhlolwa kuhilela ukujova inani elincane le-purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin esikhumbeni sengalo yakho. Uma unokutheleleka nge-TB, iqhubu eliphakanyisiwe (induration) lenzeka endaweni yomjovo phakathi kwamahora angu-48 kuya kwangu-72.
3. Izivivinyo zegazi: Ukuhlolwa kwegazi okufana ne-interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) kusiza ekutholeni ukutheleleka kwe-TB.
4. I-X-ray yesifuba noma i-CT Scan: Ukuhlolwa kwesithombe kungaveza izimpawu zokutheleleka nge-TB emaphashini noma kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.
5. Ukuhlolwa kwesikhwehlela: Isampula yesikhwehlela (uqweqwe oluphuma emaphashini) luyaqoqwa futhi luhlaziywe ngesibonakhulu noma lukhuliswe ukuze kubonakale amagciwane e-TB.
6. Okunye Ukuhlola: Kuye ngezimpawu nendawo okusolwa ukuthi ukutheleleka kuyo, ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe okufana nama-biopsies, i-bronchoscopy, noma ezinye izifundo zokuthwebula zinganconywa.

Ukwelashwa

1. Imithi: I-TB yelashwa ngama-antibiotics. Imithi esetshenziswa kakhulu yi-isoniazid, i-rifampin, i-ethambutol, ne-pyrazinamide. Ezimweni eziningi, inhlanganisela yale mithi inqunyiwe. Ukwelashwa kungathatha izinyanga eziyisithupha kuya onyakeni noma ngaphezulu.
2. I-Directly Observed Therapy (DOT): Ukuze ubambelele kangcono ohlelweni lokwelapha, abahlinzeki bezokunakekelwa kwempilo bangase baqashe i-DOT, lapho umsebenzi wezempilo noma uchwepheshe oqeqeshiwe eqinisekisa ukuthi uthatha imithi enqunyiwe njalo.
3. Ukuhlola Okulandelayo: Phakathi nokwelashwa, ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile kuyenziwa ukuze kuqashwe ukuqhubeka nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukutheleleka kusabela emithini. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuhlolwa kwesikhwehlela, i-X-ray yesifuba, nokunye ukuhlola okuhlobene.
4. Ukuzihlukanisa kanye Nokulawula Ukutheleleka: Uma ukutheleleka kwe-TB kuthathelwana kakhulu noma kubandakanya izinhlobo eziningi zemithi, ukuhlukaniswa kungase kudingeke ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabalala kokutheleleka.
5. Ukunamathela Ekwelashweni: Kubalulekile ukuqeda yonke inkambo yemithi njengoba kuyaliwe, noma izimpawu ziba ngcono. Ukwelashwa okungaphelele kungaholela ku-TB engazweli emishanguzweni, okwenza kube inselele ukwelapha.

Ukuhlonza nokwelapha i-TB kudinga indlela ebanzi ehilela ukuhlolwa nemithi ehlukahlukene. Ukuxilongwa ngesikhathi, ukubambelela kwemithi ngendlela efanele, kanye nokuqapha ngokucophelela kubalulekile ukuze kube nemiphumela yokwelashwa eyimpumelelo futhi kuvinjwe ukusakazeka kwalesi sifo. Njalo funa isiqondiso kochwepheshe bezempilo ukuze uthole ukuxilonga okunembile kanye namasu okwelapha.

Uzoyibona Nini Udokotela

Izingozi Zezingozi

Prevention

Ngokuvamile kuthatha amaviki ambalwa emithi ngaphambi kokuba ungabe usabathelela abantu. Ngakho, umuntu onaleli gciwane kumelwe athathe izinyathelo ezimbalwa zokuvimbela ukunqanda ukusakaza lesi sifo phakathi kwabathandekayo. Ezinye zezinyathelo zokuvimbela umuntu angazithatha yilezi ezilandelayo:

• Sebenzisa imaski yobuso: Ingozi yokutheleleka inciphisa ngokuphindaphindiwe nje ngokugqoka imaski yobuso eduze kwabantu okungenani amasonto amathathu ngemva kokutholakala ukuthi une-TB ephilayo. 

• Ukungena komoya kahle kwegumbi: Amagciwane abangela i-TB asakazeka kalula ezindaweni lapho kungena khona umoya kahle. Umuntu angasebenzisa isiphephetha-moya ngaso sonke isikhathi ukushaya umoya wegumbi ngaphandle ngeminyango noma ngamafasitela.

• Vala umlomo: Umuntu kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi asebenzise izicubu ukuvala umlomo ngenkathi ekhwehlela, ekhuluma, ethimula njll. Ithishu esetshenzisiwe kufanele ivalwe esikhwameni sokuvala uziphu bese ilahlwa kamuva.

• Hlala ekhaya: Gwema ukuthintana nabantu okungenani phakathi namaviki ambalwa okuqala okuxilongwa okusebenzayo. 

Isifo sofuba singalawulwa ngemithi efanele kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha. Kuwubuhlakani ukulandela iziqondiso zokuphepha futhi ugweme ukusabalalisa lesi sifo.

Izibhedlela ze-CARE kwamukelwa njengesibhedlela esingcono kakhulu sokwelashwa kwe-TB e-Hyderabad. Sine top Udokotela onguchwepheshe we-TB e-Hyderabad abangochwepheshe ekuxilongeni, ekuhloleni, nasekwelapheni isifo sofuba nezinye izimo zokuphefumula.