Izinhlobo Zomdlavuza Wegazi kanye Nendlela Yokwelapha

Igama umdlavuza wegazi ivusa ukwesaba futhi isaqhubeka nokuba ngolunye lwezinhlobo zomdlavuza eziyingozi kakhulu ezithinta abantu. Babalelwa ezigidini eziyi-1.24 abantu abahlushwa umdlavuza wegazi minyaka yonke futhi ubalelwa ku-6% wabo bonke abantu abanomdlavuza. E-India, abantu abangaphezu kwe-1 lakh bathola ukuthi banomdlavuza wegazi minyaka yonke futhi ungenye yezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokufa okuhlobene nomdlavuza.

Umdlavuza wegazi, owaziwa nangokuthi umdlavuza we-hematological, uwuhlobo lomdlavuza oqala emangqamuzaneni akha igazi omnkantsha. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zomdlavuza wegazi: i-leukemia, i-lymphoma, ne-myeloma. Uhlobo ngalunye lomdlavuza wegazi ludinga indlela yokwelapha ehlukile.

Izinhlobo Zomdlavuza Wegazi

Umdlavuza wegazi:

I-leukemia wuhlobo lomdlavuza wegazi ohlasela amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi. Ibonakala ngokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi angavamile, angaphazamisa umsebenzi ovamile wesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-leukemia: i-acute leukemia, ethuthuka ngokushesha futhi edinga ukwelashwa ngokushesha, kanye ne-leukemia engapheli, eqhubeka kancane kancane. 

Ukwelashwa kwe-leukemia ngokuvamile kuhilela ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezinamandla ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Kwezinye izimo, ukwelashwa ngemisebe kungase futhi kusetshenziselwe ukukhomba amangqamuzana omdlavuza ezindaweni ezithile zomzimba. Ukufakelwa komnkantsha wethambo kungenye indlela yokwelapha i-leukemia, ehlanganisa ukubuyisela umnkantsha onesifo esikhundleni somnkantsha onempilo ovela kumnikeli.

I-Lymphoma:

I-Lymphoma uhlobo lomdlavuza wegazi oluthinta isimiso se-lymphatic, esiyingxenye yamasosha omzimba asiza ukulwa nezifo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-lymphoma: i-Hodgkin lymphoma kanye ne-non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Ukwelashwa kwe i-lymphoma ngokuvamile kuhilela inhlanganisela yokwelapha ngamakhemikhali kanye nokwelashwa ngemisebe. Kwezinye izimo, ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe kungase futhi kusetshenziselwe ukukhomba amangqamuzana omdlavuza athile. Ukufakelwa kwe-stem cell kungase futhi kusetshenziselwe ukwelapha i-lymphoma, ikakhulukazi ezimeni lapho umdlavuza usubuyile ngemva kokwelashwa kokuqala.

IMyeloma:

I-Myeloma iwuhlobo lomdlavuza wegazi ohlasela amangqamuzana e-plasma, okuwuhlobo lwamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi akhiqiza amasosha omzimba asiza ukulwa nezifo. Amaseli e-Myeloma angakhiqiza amasosha omzimba angajwayelekile angaphazamisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwamasosha omzimba.

Ukwelashwa kwe-myeloma ngokuvamile kuhilela ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, okungase kulandelwe ukufakelwa kwe-stem cell. Kwezinye izimo, ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe kungase futhi kusetshenziselwe ukukhomba amangqamuzana omdlavuza athile.

Ngaphandle kwalezi zinhlobo eziyinhloko zomdlavuza wegazi, kunezinhlobo ezingavamile zomdlavuza wegazi, njenge-myelodysplastic syndromes kanye ne-myeloproliferative neoplasms. Ukwelashwa kwalezi zinhlobo zomdlavuza wegazi ezingavamile kuncike ohlotsheni oluthile lomdlavuza futhi kungase kuhlanganise inhlanganisela yokwelapha ngamakhemikhali, ukwelapha ngemisebe, kanye nokufakelwa kwe-stem cell.

Ukwelapha Umdlavuza Wegazi 

• I-Chemotherapy: Imithi yokubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza
  • Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwemithi enamandla ukuze kubulawe noma kuvinjwe ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza ahlukana ngokushesha. Le mithi ingasetshenziswa ngomlomo noma ngemijovo efakwa emthanjeni.
  • Imithi izungeza wonke umzimba, ingabheki kuphela isimila esiyinhloko kodwa namangqamuzana omdlavuza okungenzeka ukuthi asakazekele kwezinye izindawo.
  • Nakuba kuphumelela ekubulaleni amangqamuzana omdlavuza, ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kungathinta namangqamuzana avamile, anempilo eholela emiphumeleni engemihle njengokucanuzela kwenhliziyo, ukulahlekelwa izinwele, nokukhathala.
• Ukwelapha ngemisebe: Imisebe enamandla amakhulu ukucekela phansi amangqamuzana omdlavuza
  • Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kusebenzisa imisebe enamandla amakhulu, njengama-X-ray noma ama-proton, ukukhomba nokubhubhisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza.
  • Ingalethwa ngaphandle (imisebe ye-beam yangaphandle) noma ngaphakathi (i-brachytherapy) kuye ngohlobo nendawo yomdlavuza.
  • Imisebe ilimaza i-DNA yamangqamuzana omdlavuza, iwavimbele ukuba ahlukane futhi akhule. Amaseli avamile nawo angathinteka, kodwa ngokuvamile alulama kangcono kunamangqamuzana omdlavuza.
• Ukufakelwa kwe-stem cell: Ukushintshwa komnkantsha owonakele noma ocekeleke phansi
  • Ukufakelwa kwe-stem cell, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukufakelwa komnkantsha, kuhilela ukubuyisela umnkantsha owonakele noma onesifo ngamaseli anempilo.
  • Inqubo ingase isetshenziswe ngemva kokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali okunomthamo omkhulu noma ngemisebe, engalimaza umnkantsha.
  • Amaseli e-stem atshalwe kabusha angathuthuka abe amaseli egazi anempilo futhi abuyisele amasosha omzimba.
• Immunotherapy: Ukuqinisa amasosha omzimba ukulwa nomdlavuza
  • I-Immunotherapy ishukumisa amasosha omzimba ukuba abone futhi ahlasele amangqamuzana omdlavuza.
  • Lokhu kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa ama-immune checkpoint inhibitors, i-adoptive cell transfer, noma amasosha omzimba e-monoclonal, phakathi kwezinye izindlela.
  • I-Immunotherapy ivame ukubekezelelwa kahle futhi inganikeza izimpendulo ezihlala isikhathi eside kwezinye iziguli. Isetshenziselwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zomdlavuza.
• Ukwelapha okuhlosiwe: Izidakamizwa eziqondise ukungavamile okuthile kumaseli omdlavuza
  • Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe kugxile kuma-molecule athile ahilelekile ekukhuleni komdlavuza, njengamaprotheni, izakhi zofuzo, noma imithambo yegazi.
  • Ngokungafani ne-chemotherapy, ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe kuhlose ukuphazamisa imisebenzi ethile yamangqamuzana omdlavuza kuyilapho kubangela ukulimala okuncane kumaseli avamile.
  • Izidakamizwa ezihlosiwe zinganikezwa ngomlomo noma ngomthambo futhi zenzelwe ukuvimba ukukhula nokusabalala kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza anezici ezithile zamangqamuzana.

Yimiphi imiphumela emibi evamile yomdlavuza wegazi? 

Nansi eminye imiphumela emibi evamile yomdlavuza wegazi engase ihlanganise:

• Ukukhathala: Ukukhathala okuphikelelayo nokungachazeki noma ubuthakathaka kuwuphawu oluvamile lomdlavuza wegazi.
• Izifo Ezivamile: Umdlavuza wegazi ungathinta isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni, okuholela ekwandeni kokungenwa yizifo.
• Ukulahlekelwa Kwesisindo Okungachazeki: Ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo okuphawulekayo nokungahlosiwe ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacile.
• Ukubhoboza Nokopha: Ukulimaza okulula, ukopha isikhathi eside, noma ukopha njalo ekhaleni kungase kube inkomba yezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza wegazi ezithinta ukusebenza kweplatelet.
• Ama-lymph Nodes Avuvukele: Ama-lymph nodes akhulisiwe futhi angenabuhlungu angase abe uphawu lwe-lymphoma noma i-leukemia.
• Ubuhlungu Bethambo noma Ubuhlungu Obuhlangene: Amanye amagciwane egazi, ikakhulukazi i-myeloma, angabangela ubuhlungu bethambo noma ubuhlungu obuhlangene.
• Ukuphefumula Okufushane: Uma umdlavuza wegazi uthinta ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi, kungase kuholele ku-anemia, okubangela izimpawu ezifana nokuphefumula.
• Ukujuluka Kwasebusuku: Ukujuluka ngokweqile ebusuku, okungahlobene nezinga lokushisa elizungezile.
• Imfiva nokubanda: Umkhuhlane ongapheli noma ophindelelayo kanye nokubanda ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo.
• Isikhumba Esiphaphathekile noma Esiqinile: I-anemia ebangelwa ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi engozini ingase ibangele ukuphaphatheka noma ibala elimnyama.

Isibikezelo

Isiphetho

Umdlavuza wegazi uwuhlobo lomdlavuza ohlasela amangqamuzana akha igazi emnkantsheni. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zomdlavuza wegazi: i-leukemia, i-lymphoma, ne-myeloma. Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wegazi ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa inhlanganisela yokwelapha ngamakhemikhali, ukwelashwa ngemisebe, kanye nokufakelwa kwe-stem cell. Indlela yokwelapha ethize incike ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, kanye nesiteji nobukhulu bomdlavuza. Uma wena noma othandekayo wakho kutholwe ukuthi unomdlavuza wegazi, kubalulekile ukusebenzisana eduze nethimba lakho lokunakekelwa kwezempilo ukuze wenze uhlelo lokwelapha lomuntu siqu oluhlangabezana nezidingo zakho zomuntu ngamunye. Uma udinga i-aphoyintimenti ne-oncologist, ungavakashela www.carehospital.com ukulungisa i-aphoyintimenti.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

1. Ingabe umdlavuza wegazi uyingozi?

Yebo, umdlavuza wegazi uyisimo esibucayi. Ubunzima buyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lomdlavuza wegazi, isigaba sawo ekuxilongweni kwawo, nezici ngazinye. Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa okufanele kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukubikezela.

2. Yisiphi isigaba sokugcina somdlavuza wegazi?

Umdlavuza wegazi, njengeminye imidlavuza eminingi, imvamisa ihlelwa ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-IV. Isigaba sokugcina, iSigaba IV, sikhombisa ukuthi umdlavuza ususabalele kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, izigaba ezithile kanye nokubikezelwa kuncike ohlotsheni lomdlavuza wegazi.

3. Ingabe i-CBC ingawubona umdlavuza wegazi?

I-Complete Blood Count (CBC) ukuhlolwa kwegazi okuvamile okungase kuphakamise izinsolo zomdlavuza wegazi ngokusekelwe kokungajwayelekile kwezibalo zamaseli egazi. Kodwa-ke, ukuxilongwa okuqondile ngokuvamile kudinga ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe okufana ne-bone marrow biopsy, izifundo ze-imaging, nezinye izivivinyo ezikhethekile.

4. Ungaba nomdlavuza ngaphandle kwezimpawu?

Yebo, eminye imidlavuza ingakhula ngaphandle kokudala izimpawu eziphawulekayo, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala. Ukuhlolwa njalo nokuhlolwa kwezempilo kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale umdlavuza kusenesikhathi, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kuvele izimpawu.

5. Ingabe umdlavuza wegazi ungabangela ubuhlungu bomlenze?

Umdlavuza wegazi ngokwawo ungase ungabangeli ngokuqondile ubuhlungu bomlenze, kodwa ezinye izimpawu noma izinkinga ezihlobene nezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza wegazi, njengobuhlungu bethambo noma ukucindezela kwemizwa, kungase kubangele ukungakhululeki noma ubuhlungu emilenzeni. Uma othile ezwa ubuhlungu bomlenze obungapheli, kubalulekile ukuthintana nochwepheshe bezempilo ukuze ahlolwe ngokugcwele.