ikholera

Ikholera isalokhu ingelinye lamagciwane ayingozi kakhulu emhlabeni, ahlasela izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke unyaka nonyaka. Lesi sifo esingase sibe sengozini singasakazeka ngokushesha emiphakathini, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ukukhucululwa kwendle nokungafinyeleli kahle kwamanzi ahlanzekile. Lo mhlahlandlela ophelele uchaza ukugula kwekholera, kusukela ezimbangela nezimpawu zayo kuye ezindleleni zokwelashwa nezindlela zokuvimbela. 

Iyini Ikholera?

Ikholera isifo sohudo esiyingozi lapho umuntu edla ukudla noma amanzi angcolile ngegciwane i-Vibrio cholerae. Lesi sifo esibi sebhaktheriya sikhiqiza ubuthi obunamandla emathunjini amancane obudala ukuthi umzimba ukhiphe amanzi amaningi, okuholela ekubekeni ukuphila engozini. kwamanzi emzimbeni.

Izimpawu Zesifo Sekholera

Ukubonakaliswa kwezimpawu zekholera kungahluka kakhulu kubantu abanaleli gciwane. Nakuba abantu abaningi behlala bengenazimpawu, basengasakaza amagciwane ngesitulo sabo kuze kube yizinsuku eziyi-14. Uma izimpawu zivela, ziba phakathi kwamahora angu-12 kuya ezinsukwini ezingu-5 ngemva kokuchayeka.

Lokhu okulandelayo yizimpawu zokuqala zegciwane lekholera:

• Kunamanzi isifo sohudo ngokubonakala okuphaphathekile, okunobisi (okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "indle yamanzi elayisi")
• Ukuhlanza okungazelelwe okungathatha amahora
• Amajaqamba emisipha ngenxa yokulahlekelwa usawoti ngokushesha
• Ukoma okukhulu nokukhathala
• Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo kanye nesiyezi

Cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabayi-10 uba nezimpawu ezinzima ezingaba yingozi empilweni. Kulezi zimo, isifo sohudo singabangela ukulahlekelwa uketshezi oluyingozi olufika kwilitha elilodwa ngehora. Ukuphelelwa amanzi kakhulu emanzini kungenzeka kungakapheli amahora ambalwa kuqale izimpawu, okuholela ekulahlekeni kwesisindo somzimba esingaphezu kuka-10%.

Izimpawu zokuphelelwa amanzi kakhulu emanzini zihlanganisa: 

• Amehlo afakiwe
• Umlomo omile
• Isikhumba esishwabene esithatha isikhathi ukubuyela emuva uma sincitshiwe
• Ukuchama okuncane

Izimbangela Zekholera

Ikholera ibangelwa igciwane le-Vibrio cholerae. Ukusabalala kwekholera kuhlobene eduze nezimo zemvelo nezenhlalo. Ezifundeni ezithinteke ngenxa yezingxabano, ukufuduka kwabantu, kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo, ingozi yokuqubuka kwekholera iyanda kakhulu ngenxa yokonakala kwengqalasizinda yamanzi nokukhucululwa kwendle.

Ziningana izici ezingenza umuntu abe sengozini yokuthola ikholera. Izimo ezingezinhle zokukhucululwa kwendle yizona zinto eziyingozi enkulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingenazo izindawo zokuhlanza amanzi ezifanele. 

Abantu bangase babhekane nengozi enkulu yokutheleleka ngekholera enzima ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene zomuntu siqu:

• Uhlobo Lwegazi O: Abantu abanegazi lohlobo O banamathuba aphindwe kabili okuba nesifo sekholera enzima uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zegazi
• I-Acid Yesisu Eyehlisiwe: Abantu abasebenzisa ama-antacid noma labo abanama-asidi aphansi ngokwemvelo esiswini babhekana nengozi eyengeziwe njengoba amagciwane echuma ezindaweni ezine-asidi encane.
• Izinketho Zokudla: Ukudla i-shellfish eluhlaza noma engaphekiwe kahle, ikakhulukazi emanzini angcolile, kwandisa kakhulu ingozi yokutheleleka
• Izimo Zokuphila: Labo abahlala ezindaweni eziminyene abangenawo amanzi ahlanzekile kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle okufanele babhekane nengozi enkulu
• Izimo Zezokwelapha: Abantu abanezimo zezokwelapha ezihlala isikhathi eside noma labo abenze i-gastrectomy basengozini enkulu

Izinkinga zeCholera

Izinkinga ezinzima kakhulu zekholera zihlanganisa:

• Ukushaqeka kwe-Hypovolemic kusuka ekuphelelweni amanzi emzimbeni okukhulu
• Ushukela wegazi ophansi (hypoglycemia) ezinganeni
• Ukushoda kwe-Potassium - kuthinta ukusebenza kwenhliziyo nezinzwa
• Ukuhluleka kwezinso ukushaqeka okuhambisana nayo
• Ukungalungi kwesigqi senhliziyo ngenxa yokungalingani kwe-electrolyte

Sifo

Indlela eqondile yokuqinisekisa ikholera iwukuhlonza i-Vibrio cholerae kusampula yendle.

Odokotela ngokuvamile basebenzisa izindlela zokuxilonga eziningana:

• Ukuhlolwa Kwelebhu Eyisisekelo:
  • Gcwalisa inani legazi
  • Ama-electrolyte eSerum
  • Igazi le-urea nitrogen
  • Amazinga e-serum lactate
  • Ukuhlaziywa kwegesi yegazi le-arterial
• Ukuhlolwa Okusheshayo Okuxilonga (RDTs): Ama-RDT asephenduke amathuluzi abalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude ezinezindawo zaselabhorethri ezimpofu. Lokhu kuhlola kwe-dipstick kwenza ukuqinisekiswa okusheshayo kweziguli zekholera, okusiza ukunciphisa izinga lokufa ngesikhathi sokuqubuka. Kodwa-ke, nakuba ama-RDT ewusizo ekutholeni kusenesikhathi ukuqubuka kwekholera okungenzeka kube khona, akufanele kuthenjelwe kuwo ekuxilongweni okujwayelekile.
• Okunye Ukuhlola: Izinga legolide lokuxilongwa lihlala liyindlela esekelwe kusiko, ikakhulukazi i-thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar. Ukwengeza, izindlela zokuthola amangqamuzana, ikakhulukazi i-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), zithola ukuvelela ekuqapheni ubhubhane ngenxa yokuzwela kwazo okungcono nokunemba uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zesiko lendabuko.

Ukwelashwa Kwekholera

Isisekelo sokwelashwa kwekholera ukubuyisela amanzi emzimbeni, okubonakale kuphumelela kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukufa. Ngokwelashwa okufanele, izinga lokufa lehla libe ngaphansi kuka-1%.

Izinketho zokwelapha eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

• I-Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS): Ingxube kasawoti namaminerali esiza esikhundleni soketshezi olulahlekile
• I-Intravenous Fluids: Iyadingeka ezigulini eziphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni kakhulu
• Nemithi Elwa Namagciwane: Isetshenziswa ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu ukunciphisa izimpawu
• Izithako zeZinc: Ngokukhethekile izingane ezineminyaka engu-6 izinyanga kuya eminyakeni 5

Uzoyibona Nini Udokotela

Izimpawu eziyisixwayiso eziphuthumayo ezidinga ukunakwa ngokushesha zihlanganisa:

• Uhudo olunzima noma ukuhlanza
• Ama-cramp muscle
• Ukoma ngokweqile
• Ukuchama kancane
• isiyezi noma ubuthakathaka
• Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo
• Ukudideka noma isimo somqondo esishintshile

Kubantu abahlala noma ababuya ezindaweni ezinekholera esebenzayo, noma yisiphi isifo sohudo esinzima kufanele sihlolwe odokotela ngokushesha. Ngisho nasezifundeni lapho ikholera ingavamile khona, ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kakhulu kungaba isimo esiphuthumayo esidinga ukunakekelwa ngokushesha.

Ukuvimbela Ikholera

I-World Health Organization igcizelela ukuthi ukuvimbela kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukuqubuka kwekholera kanye nokusindisa izimpilo ngokuthuthukiswa kwezindlu zangasese kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile.

Izinyathelo Zokuvimbela Ezibalulekile:

• Sebenzisa amanzi aphephile, ahlanzekile ekuphuzeni nasekulungiseni ukudla
• Zijwayeze ukugeza izandla njalo ngensipho namanzi ahlanzekile
• Gcina izindlu zangasese ezifanele kanye nokulahlwa kwemfucuza
• Pheka ukudla kahle futhi ugweme ukudla kwasolwandle okuluhlaza
• Gcina izindawo zasekhishini zihlanzekile futhi zihlanzekile
• Ukugoma: Le mithi yokugoma ivikela okungenani iminyaka emithathu ngemithamo emibili, ivikela cishe izifo ezimbili kwezintathu zekholera.

Isiphetho

Ikholera isalokhu iwusongo olukhulu lwezempilo emhlabeni wonke, kodwa imithi yesimanje inikeza izixazululo ezisebenzayo zokuvimbela nokwelashwa. Ukuhlonzwa ngokushesha kwezimpawu nokunakekelwa ngokushesha kwezokwelapha kunganciphisa izinga lokufa libe ngaphansi kuka-1%, okwenza isinyathelo kusenesikhathi sibaluleke kakhulu ukuze usinde.

Izinyathelo ezilula zokuvikela njengamanzi ahlanzekile, ukukhucululwa kwendle okufanele, kanye nemikhuba emihle yenhlanzeko kungavikela imiphakathi ekubhebhethekeni kwekholera. Imithi yokugoma inikeza ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe, nakuba ukutholakala kwayo kuhluka ngokwesifunda. Izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa indlela ezisabela ngayo ekuqubukeni kwezifo ngokugadwa okungcono kanye nezinqubo zokwelapha.

Abantu abahlala noma abavakashela ezindaweni ezisengozini enkulu kufanele bahlale beqaphele izimpawu zekholera futhi bafune usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha uma behuda kakhulu. Intuthuko yezokwelapha, ehlangene nezinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi kanye nokuqwashisa umphakathi, yenza ikholera ibe yisifo esingagwemeka futhi eselaphekayo naphezu kokuba yingozi.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

1. Ingasakazeka kanjani ikholera?

Ikholera isakazeka ngokuyinhloko ngokuthintana ngokungaqondile lapho abantu bedla amanzi angcolile noma ukudla. Ibhaktheriya ingangcolisa amanzi kanye nezindawo zokulungiselela ukudla, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezinezindlu zangasese ezinganele. Abantu bangathola ikholera ngokuthi:

• Amanzi okuphuza angcoliswe indle equkethe i-V. cholerae
• Ukudla i-shellfish eluhlaza emanzini angcolile
• Ukudla ukudla okuphekwe ngamanzi angcolile

2. Yiziphi izigaba ezintathu zekholera?

Ukuqhubekela phambili kwekholera kulandela izigaba ezintathu ezihlukene:

• Isigaba Sokuvuvukala: Ukutheleleka kwebhaktheriya kokuqala kanye nokusabela komzimba
• Isiteji se-Villus Fusing: Izinguquko ekwakhekeni kwamathumbu
• Isigaba se-Villus Resolution: Isigaba sokululama sezicubu zamathumbu

3. Yelashwa kanjani ikholera?

Ukwelashwa kugxile ekushintsheni uketshezi olulahlekile nama-electrolyte. Ngokwelashwa okufanele, izinga lokusinda lidlula ama-99%. Izindlela zokwelapha eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

• I-Oral rehydration solution (ORS)
• Uketshezi olufakwa emthanjeni ezimweni ezinzima
• Ama-antibiotics afana ne-doxycycline noma azithromycin
• I-Zinc supplementation yezingane

4. Ingabe amanzi abilayo ayayisusa ikholera?

Ukubilisa kungase kuqede amagciwane ekholera emanzini. I-CDC incoma ukushisisa amanzi abe ngamathumba abilayo iminithi elingu-1 ukuze alenze aphephe ukusetshenziswa. Ucwaningo lwaseGuatemala lubonise ukuthi ukubilisa kunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwamagciwane ngo-86.2%.

5. Ikholera ihlala isikhathi esingakanani?

Ubude bekholera buyahlukahluka kuye ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kanye nobukhulu. Izimo eziningi zixazulula phakathi kwezinsuku ezimbalwa kuya emavikini ambalwa ngokwelashwa okufanele. Izimpawu zivame ukuvela phakathi kwamahora angu-12 kuya ezinsukwini ezingu-5 ngemva kokutheleleka.

UDkt. Vaibhav Agrawal

I-MBBS, MD
I-Ganga CARE Hospital Limited, eNagpur

Ukuze Ubhukhe Isikhathi, shayela:

+ 91 40-68106529

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