Ubumpumputhe Bombala

Ubumpumputhe bemibala bubonakala njengokuhlukanisa phakathi kwemibala ethile, engathinta izigidi emhlabeni wonke, kube nomthelela ezimpilweni zabo zansuku zonke ngokucashile kodwa ngokuphawulekayo. Lesi simo senza kube inselele kubantu ngabanye ukubona umehluko phakathi kwemibala ehlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi okubomvu nokuluhlaza. Ukuqonda ubumpumputhe bemibala, izinhlobo zako, izimbangela, nezimpawu kubalulekile ukuze kubonwe kusenesikhathi nokulawulwa. 

Kuyini I-Colour Blindness? 

Okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuntula ukubona umbala (i-CVD), ubumpumputhe bemibala yisimo esikhinyabeza ikhono lomuntu lokubona imibala ngokunembile. Kwenzeka lapho ama-cones, amaseli azwela ukukhanya ku-retina, engasebenzi kahle. Lawa ma-cones anesibopho sokucubungula ukukhanya nokuthumela amasignali ebuchosheni, ngaleyo ndlela enze indlela yokuhlukanisa phakathi kwama-hues ahlukene. 

Izinhlobo Zobumpumputhe Bemibala 

Ukungaboni ngemibala kubonakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuthinta ikhono lomuntu lokubona imibala ngendlela ehlukile. 

• Ubumpumputhe Bombala Obomvu-Oluhlaza: Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu ubumpumputhe bombala obomvu-oluhlaza, okufaka izinhlobo ezimbili ezincane: 
  • I-Deuteranomaly: Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lobumpumputhe bombala olubangela ama-shades athile aluhlaza abonakale ebomvu kakhulu. 
  • I-Protanomaly: Lolu hlobo lwenza amanye ama-shades abomvu abukeke aluhlaza futhi angakhanyi kangako. 
• Ubumpumputhe Bombala Ophuzi Oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Nakuba bungavamile, bukhona futhi ngezindlela ezimbili. 
  • I-Tritanomaly: Lolu hlobo lwenza ukuhlukanisa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kokuluhlaza nokuphuzi kube yinselele ebomvu. 
  • I-Tritanopia: Idala ubunzima obukhulu kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni lezi zinhlanganisela zemibala. 
• Gcwalisa Ubumpumputhe Bombala: Ifomu eliyivelakancane liwubumpumputhe bombala obuphelele noma i-monochromacy, lapho abantu abangayiboni imibala. Lesi simo sithinta cishe oyedwa kubantu abangu-33,000. 

Izimbangela Zokungaboni Kombala 

Okulandelayo yizimbangela ezivamile zokungaboni umbala: 

• I-Genetics Factor: Lesi simo ngokuvamile sitholwa njengefa futhi sidluliselwa kuzakhi zofuzo ku-X chromosome. Le phethini yefa ichaza ukuthi kungani ubumpumputhe bombala obomvu-oluhlaza buthinta amadoda kaningi kunabesifazane. Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile, njenge-OPNILW, OPNIMW, ne-OPNISW, kungaholela ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zokuntuleka kombala ngokuthinta ukusebenza kwamaseli ekhoni ku-retina. 
• Ngaphandle kwezici zofuzo, ubumpumputhe bombala bungase butholakale kamuva ekuphileni ngokusebenzisa: 
  • Izifo ezingapheli ezifana sikashukela, i-glaucoma, kanye ne-multiple sclerosis ingase ibangele ukulahlekelwa umbala. 
  • Izingozi noma imivimbo ethinta i-retina noma izindawo ezithile zobuchopho nazo zingaholela ekuphuphuthekeni kwemibala. 
  • Ama-antibiotics & ukushaya kwegazi izidakamizwa zinamandla okuba nomthelela ekubonweni kombala. 
  • Ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali ezimboni nakho kungaba nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ukungakwazi ukubona imibala. 
  • Inqubo yokuguga yemvelo ingathuthukisa ubumpumputhe bombala. 

Izimpawu Zokungaboni Umbala 

Ubumpumputhe bemibala ngokuvamile abunakwa, njengoba abantu bengase bangaboni ukuthi babona imibala ngendlela ehlukile. 

• Uphawu oluyinhloko lobumpumputhe bombala ubunzima bokuhlukanisa phakathi kwama-hues athile, ikakhulukazi abomvu nokuluhlaza. Abantu abanobumpumputhe bombala bangase babhekane nobunzima bokuhlukanisa imibala ehlukahlukene yale mibala. Abanye bangase badide amathoni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka naphuzi. 
• Ezinganeni, izimpawu zingabandakanya ukusebenzisa imibala engalungile lapho udweba, njengamaqabunga ansomi ezihlahleni noma ukubonisa ukuntula isithakazelo emisebenzini yombala. 
• Abantu abadala bangase babe nenkinga yokuhumusha izinto ezinemibala enemibala noma amarobhothi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abanye abantu abanombala obomvu-oluhlaza bafunda ukuhlobanisa umbala 'olungile' nezinto, njengokubiza amahlamvu esihlahla aluhlaza, ngisho noma bewubona ngendlela ehlukile. 

Ukuxilongwa Kobumpumputhe Bombala 

Ukuhlonza ubumpumputhe bemibala kuhilela ukuhlola okuningana ukuze kuhlolwe ikhono lomuntu lokubona imibala ngokunembile. 

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Ishihara: Kusetshenziswa kakhulu ochwepheshe bamehlo emhlabeni wonke futhi kuqukethe amapuleti anamachashazi anemibala akha izinombolo noma izimo. Lawa maphethini abonakala kulabo abanombala ojwayelekile kodwa abayinselele kubantu abanombala obomvu-oluhlaza okotshani. Ukuzwela kokuhlolwa kusuka ku-96.55% kuya ku-98.28%, kuye ngenani lamaphutha avunyelwe. 
• I-Aanomaloscope: Lokhu kuhlolwa kokuxilonga kubhekwa njengezinga eligolide lokuhlola umbono wombala. Kudinga ukuthi iziguli zifanise imithombo yokukhanya ehlukene, okuvumela ukuhlolwa okunembile kokubonwa kombala. 
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Farnsworth D-15 kanye no-Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue: Lokhu kuhlolwa kuhilela ukuhlela ama-chips anombala ngokulandelana, okusiza ukunquma uhlobo nobukhulu bokungaboni umbala. 

Ukwelashwa Kobumpumputhe Bemibala 

Nakuba lingekho ikhambi lobumpumputhe bombala obuzuzwe njengefa, amasu ahlukahlukene angasiza ukuphatha lesi simo. 

• Amalensi okuxhumana akhethekile nezingilazi zingathuthukisa ukugqama kombala, kwenze kube lula ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwama-hues. Lezi zinsiza azidali imibala emisha kodwa zithuthukisa umbono wombala kwabanye abantu. 
• Ubuchwepheshe futhi budlala indima, ngezinhlelo zokusebenza nesofthiwe esiza abantu ukukhomba imibala endaweni yabo. 
• Kulabo abanobumpumputhe bombala abatholiwe, ukwelapha isifo esiwumsuka noma ukulungisa imithi kungase kuthuthukise ukubona kombala. 
• Ukuzivumelanisa nezinqubo zansuku zonke, njengokuhlela izingubo ngombala noma ukubamba ngekhanda izindawo zamarobhothi, kubalulekile. 

Uzoyibona Nini Udokotela 

Xhumana nodokotela wamehlo noma udokotela wamehlo uma unenkinga yokuhlukanisa imibala, ikakhulukazi ebomvu neluhlaza. Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kubalulekile ezinganeni, ikakhulukazi uma kunomlando womndeni wokungakwazi ukubona imibala noma uma zinenkinga ngemisebenzi ehlobene nombala. 

Prevention 

Nakuba ubumpumputhe bombala obuzuzwe njengefa bungenakuvinjelwa, umuntu angathatha izinyathelo ezimbalwa zokuqapha ukuze ehlise ingozi yokuphuphutheka kombala okuzuziwe, njengalezi: 

• Ukuhlolwa kwamehlo njalo kubalulekile ukuze kuqashwe impilo yamehlo nokubona izinkinga ezingase zibe khona kusenesikhathi. 
• Indlela yokuphila enempilo ingalondoloza umbono. Ukudla okuqukethe umthombo omuhle we Ama-acids ama-omega-3, etholakala ezinhlanzi zamanzi abandayo, kanye nama-antioxidants avela emifino eluhlaza enamaqabunga angase asekele impilo yamehlo. 
• Ukuvikela amehlo emisebeni ye-UV ngokugqoka izibuko zelanga nokugcina inhlanzeko yelensi yokuxhumana kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuvikela. 
• Ukuzijwayeza umthetho wama-20-20-20 kungasiza ukunciphisa ubunzima bamehlo (Ukubona into engamafidi angu-20 imizuzwana engu-20 ngemva kwayo yonke imizuzu engu-20 yesikhathi sesikrini) kanye nezinkinga zokubona ezingaba khona zalabo abachitha amahora amade phambi kwezikrini. 

Isiphetho 

Ubumpumputhe bemibala buthinta kakhulu indlela abantu ababona ngayo umhlaba obazungezile. Lesi sihloko sikhanyisele izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zalesi simo, izimbangela, nezimpawu, sigcizelela ukubaluleka kokutholwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokuxilongwa okufanele. Ukuhlola okutholakalayo, njengamapuleti e-Ishihara kanye ne-anomaloscope, kunendima ebalulekile ekuboneni ukuntula ukubona imibala ngokunembile. Nakuba lingekho ikhambi lokuphuphutheka kombala okuzuzwe njengefa, amasu namathuluzi ahlukahlukene angasiza abantu balawule isimo sabo ngempumelelo. 

FAQ sika 

1. Ukungaboni umbala kuthinta bani? 

Ubumpumputhe bemibala buthinta cishe u-8% wamadoda kanye no-0.5% wabesifazane emhlabeni jikelele. Lesi simo singenzeka kubantu bayo yonke iminyaka, kodwa ngokuvamile sitholakala ebuntwaneni. 

2. Kuvame kangakanani ukungaboni ngemibala? 

Ubumpumputhe bemibala buthinta cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingama-350 emhlabeni jikelele. Kwabesilisa baseNdiya, ukuvama kungu-3.89% kanti kwabesifazane kungu-0.18%. 

3. Singakwazi yini ukwelapha ubumpumputhe bemibala? 

Okwamanje, alikho ikhambi lobumpumputhe bombala obuzuzwe njengefa. Ukubhekana nembangela ewumsuka yokuphuphutheka kombala kungase kuthuthukise ukubona kombala. Amalensi akhethekile nezingilazi zingathuthukisa ukubona kombala kwabanye abantu, kwenze kube lula ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwama-hues. 

4. Ngazi kanjani ukuthi angiboni umbala? 

Izimpawu zokungaboni umbala zihlanganisa ubunzima bokuhlukanisa phakathi kwemibala ethile, ikakhulukazi ebomvu neluhlaza. Ungase ube nobunzima ngemisebenzi esekelwe embala noma uqaphele ukuthi ubona imibala ngendlela ehlukile. 

5. Yini okufanele udle ngenxa yobumpumputhe bombala? 

Nakuba ukudla kungakwazi ukwelapha ubumpumputhe bombala, imisoco ethile isekela impilo yamehlo iyonke. Ukudla okunothe ngamavithamini A, C, no-E kanye nama-omega-3 fatty acids kungase kuzuze ukusebenza kwamehlo. Imifino enamahlamvu aluhlaza, izithelo ezimibalabala, imikhiqizo yobisi, inhlanzi, namantongomane kuyisinqumo esihle. 

6. Kubi kangakanani ukungaboni ngemibala? 

Ubumpumputhe bemibala ngokuvamile abubi kakhulu futhi akuthinti ukubona konke. Kodwa-ke, kungaba nomthelela empilweni yansuku zonke, imfundo, nokukhetha umsebenzi. 

7. Ingabe ukungaboni ngemibala kungaphela? 

Ubumpumputhe bombala obuzuzwe njengefa yisimo sempilo yonke futhi abusuki. Nokho, uma ubumpumputhe bemibala butholwa ngenxa yenkinga yezempilo ecashile noma imithi, ukwelapha imbangela kungase kuthuthukise umbono wombala. 

8. Ubumpumputhe bombala butholwa eminyakeni emingaki? 

Ubumpumputhe bemibala ngokuvamile butholwa ebuntwaneni, ngokuvamile obuphakathi kweminyaka engu-4 nengu-10. Ngokuvamile kubonakala lapho izingane zilwa nemisebenzi esekelwe embala noma zibonisa ubunzima bokukhomba imibala ethile. 

9. Ubani osengozini yokungaboni umbala? 

Abesilisa banengozi enkulu yokungaboni umbala ngenxa yezakhi zofuzo. Labo abanomlando womndeni wokungaboni imibala, ikakhulukazi ohlangothini lukamama, basengozini enkulu yokuthinteka. Izimo ezithile zesistimu, njengesifo sikashukela, multiple sclerosis, kanye ne-glaucoma, ingandisa ingozi yokuthola ukungaboni ngemibala. Ukwengeza, ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali athile noma imithi kungase kubangele ukungakwazi ukubona imibala.

UDkt. Neelu Agrawal

CARE Medical Team

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