I-Myopia

Cishe isigamu sabo bonke abantu abadala emhlabeni wonke bahlushwa i-myopia, okuyenza ibe enye yezinkinga zokubona ezivame kakhulu namuhla. Nakuba izakhi zofuzo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwayo, izici zendlela yokuphila njengesikhathi sesikrini esandisiwe nemisebenzi elinganiselwe yangaphandle nazo zinomthelela ekwandeni kwazo okukhulayo. Ukuqonda lesi simo kusiza abantu ukuthi benze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nempilo yabo yombono kanye nezinketho ezitholakalayo zokwelashwa kwe-myopia ephezulu. 

Iyini i-Myopia? 

I-Myopia, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi ukubona eduze, isimo sokubona lapho iso lingakwazi ukugxila kahle ezintweni ezikude kuyilapho ligcina ukubona okucacile kwezinto eziseduze. Lesi simo senzeka lapho ukwakheka kweso okungokomzimba kuvimbela ukukhanya ekugxileni ngokunembile kuyi-retina. 

Izimbangela eziyinhloko ze-myopia zihlanganisa ukwakheka kweso: 

• Inhlamvu yeso elide kakhulu ukusuka phambili ukuya emuva 
• I-cornea egobile ngokweqile (ikhava yangaphambili ecacile yeso) 
• Izinkinga nge-lens shape ngaphakathi kweso 

Lezi zinkinga zesakhiwo zenza imisebe yokukhanya igxile phambi kwe-retina kunokuba igxile kuyo ngokuqondile, okubangela ukufiphala kwebanga lokubona. Isibonelo, umuntu one-myopia angase athwale kanzima ukufunda izimpawu zomgwaqo aze asondele kakhulu kodwa angakwazi ukufunda kalula incwadi ebanjwe eduze kobuso bakhe. 

Ochwepheshe bamehlo bahlukanisa i-myopia ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-myopia elula kanye ne-pathologic myopia. I-myopia elula ingalungiswa ngezinsiza-kubona ezijwayelekile, kuyilapho i-myopia ye-pathologic ingase ilethe izinselele ngisho nangezinyathelo zokulungisa. 

Izimpawu ze-Myopia 

Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zalokhu kuphazamiseka kwamehlo zihlanganisa: 

• Umbono ophundlekile uma ubuka izinto ezikude 
• Sula ukubona lapho ubuka izinto eduze 
• Ukuphathwa ikhanda njalo kanye ne-eyestrain 
• Ukuklolodela okuvamile noma ukuvala kancane kwamajwabu amehlo 
• Ubunzima bokufunda izimpawu zomgwaqo noma izibonisi zasesitolo 
• Izinkinga zokubona kahle ngenkathi ushayela ebusuku 

Izingane zingase zibonise izinkomba ezengeziwe zokuziphatha eziphakamisa i-myopia: 

• Ukuhlala eduze ngokungavamile nezikrini zikamabonakude 
• Ukubamba izincwadi noma amadivayisi eduze kakhulu nobuso babo 
• Ukungenzi kahle emisebenzini yesikole edinga ukubona kude 
• Ukucikica iso njalo 
• Ukuncipha kokunaka ngesikhathi semisebenzi yokubuka ibanga 

Ukwehluka okuthile okubizwa ngokuthi i-myopia yasebusuku kuthinta abantu abathile ababona ngokucacile phakathi namahora okukhanya kwasemini, kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho kwanda ukufiphala ezimeni zokukhanya okufiphele. Lolu phawu lungenza ukushayela ebusuku kube inselele futhi kudinga ukucatshangelwa okwengeziwe phakathi nokuhlolwa kokubona. 

Izimbangela kanye Nengozi Yezici Ze-Myopia 

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-myopia kungabangelwa ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nomthelela wemvelo. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izingane ezinabazali abane-myopic zinethuba eliphakeme kakhulu lokuthuthukisa lesi simo. Ukuba nomzali oyedwa we-myopic kwandisa ingozi kabili ngenkathi unabazali ababili abane-myopic kwandisa ingozi izikhathi eziyisithupha. 

Izici zemvelo zidlala indima ebalulekile ngokulinganayo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-myopia. Ucwaningo lukhombe izici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zengozi: 

• Imisebenzi Yezemfundo: Izikhathi ezinwetshiwe zokufunda nokufunda 
• Isikhathi Sesikrini: Ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kwamadivayisi edijithali, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziseduze 
• Ukuchayeka Okukhawulelwe Kwangaphandle: Ngaphansi kwemizuzu engama-40 yomsebenzi wangaphandle wansuku zonke 
• Ubudala: Ukuthuthukiswa ngokuvamile kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka engu-6-14 
• Ubuhlanga: Ukusabalala okuphezulu kwabantu base-Asia 
• Ukuhlala Emadolobheni: Ukwanda kwengozi ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi 

Izinkinga ze-Myopia 

Izinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu ezihlobene ne-myopia zihlanganisa: 

• I-glaucoma: Isimo se-ophthalmic esidala ukulimala kwe-optic nerve ngenxa yokucindezela okungadingekile ngaphakathi kweso, okungabangela ukulahlekelwa umbono uma kungelashwa. 
• Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Retina: Kulesi simo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha, i-retina iyahlukana nezicubu zayo ezisekelayo, ezidinga ukwelashwa ngokushesha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulahlekelwa umbono unomphela. 
• Lolu ngwengwezi lwakheka: Ukufiphala kwelensi yemvelo yeso, okubangela ukubona kubonakale kunenkungu noma kufiphele 
• I-Neovascularizations: Ukuthuthukiswa kwemithambo yegazi engadingeki emehlweni 
• I-Myopic Maculopathy: Isimo esithinta i-retina emaphakathi, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ze-myopia ephezulu, engabangela ukulahlekelwa umbono omaphakathi unomphela 

Sifo 

Izivivinyo zokuxilonga eziyinhloko zihlanganisa: 

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Visual Acuity: Iziguli zifunda izinhlamvu eshadini lebanga kuyilapho zivala iso elilodwa ngesikhathi 
• I-retinoscopy: Kusetshenziswa ithuluzi lokukhanya elikhethekile ukukala ukuthi ukukhanya kuveza kanjani ku-retina 
• Ukuhlolwa kwePhoropter: Uchungechunge lwamalensi lubekwa phambi kwamehlo ukuze kutholakale incwadi kadokotela edingekayo 
• Ukuhlolwa Kwempilo Yamehlo: Ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zamehlo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-cornea, i-pupil, ne-lens 

Ezinganeni, indlela yokuxilonga iyahluka kancane. Ochwepheshe bokunakekelwa kwamehlo benza ukuhlola okuhambisana neminyaka yobudala besebenzisa amashadi ezithombe noma "igeyimu ye-E ewisayo" yalabo abaphakathi kweminyaka emi-3 nengu-5 ubudala. Izingane eziningi zithola ukuxilongwa kwazo phakathi kweminyaka engu-3 ne-12, okwenza kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlolwa kusenesikhathi futhi okuvamile. 

Ukwelashwa 

Okulandelayo ezinye izinketho ezijwayelekile zokwelapha i-myopia: 

• Izibuko Zamehlo Ezinikezwa Kadokotela: Lezi zinikeza ukulungiswa kombono ngokushesha ngokushintsha indlela ukukhanya kungena ngayo esweni. Zifaneleka ngokukhethekile izingane futhi zinikeza isixazululo esiphephile, esibuyiselekayo. 
• Amalensi Okuxhumana: Itholakala ngezinhlobo ezithambile neziqinile, lezi zintanta ku-cornea ukuze zilungise ukubona. Amalensi athambile ayavumelana nezimo futhi anethezekile, kuyilapho amalensi aqinile anganikeza ukubona okubukhali kwezinye iziguli. 
• I-Orthokeratology: Odokotela batusa lawa macontact lens akhethekile ukuthi agqokwe ubusuku bonke ukuze bakhe kabusha i-cornea okwesikhashana, banikeze umbono ocacile usuku lonke ngaphandle kokugqoka ilensi yasemini. 
• I-Refractive Myopia Surgery: Kubantu abadala abanemiyalelo ezinzile, izinqubo ezifana ne-LASIK noma i-PRK zingashintsha unomphela i-cornea ukuze kulungiswe ukubona. Lezi zinketho zokuhlinzwa ngokuvamile zinikeza imiphumela yesikhathi eside kodwa zidinga ukukhetha ngokucophelela kwesiguli. 

Uma Ubona Udokotela 

Ukuhlolwa kwamehlo okuvamile kusebenza njengesisekelo sokugcina ukubona okunempilo. Ezinganeni nentsha, imihlahlandlela ethile esuselwe eminyakeni yobudala inquma imvamisa yokuhlolwa: 

• Iminyaka engu-3-5: Okungenani ukuhlolwa kwamehlo okukodwa okuphelele 
• Iminyaka -6: Ukuhlolwa kwe-Tre-kindergarten 
• Izingane ezifunda isikole: Izivivinyo zonyaka ngesikole samabanga aphezulu 
• Izingane ezine-Myopia Ekhona: Njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha 
• Abantu abadala: Ama-Ndults kufanele ahlele ukuhlolwa kwamehlo ngokusekelwe eminyakeni yobudala kanye nezici eziyingozi. Labo abaneminyaka engu-20 kufanele okungenani babe nokuhlolwa okuphelele okukodwa, kuyilapho abantu abaneminyaka engu-30 kufanele bahlele izivivinyo ezimbili phakathi neminyaka eyishumi. Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-40, ukuhlolwa kwamehlo okuvamile kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu. 

Izimo eziphuthumayo ezidinga ukunakwa ngokushesha zihlanganisa: 

• Ukuvela okungazelelwe kwamachashaza antantayo noma imigqa embonweni 
• Ukubaneka kokukhanya kwelinye noma womabili iso 
• Isithunzi esifana nekhethini kuyo yonke indawo yombono 
• Izinguquko ezisheshayo embonweni we-peripheral 

Prevention 

Isinyathelo sokuvimbela esibaluleke kakhulu ukukhulisa ukuchayeka ngaphandle. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuchitha okungenani amahora amabili nsuku zonke ekukhanyeni kwemvelo kunganciphisa ingcuphe yokukhula kwe-myopia kufika ku-2% ngehora ngalinye elingeziwe elichithwa ngaphandle kwamaviki onke. Lo mphumela wokuvikela uvela ngoba ukukhanya kwelanga okungokwemvelo kukhuthaza ukukhululwa kwe-dopamine ku-retina, okusiza ukugcina isimo samehlo esifanele. 

Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuvimbela i-myopia zihlanganisa: 

• Ukulandela umthetho wama-20-20-20, thatha ikhefu lemizuzwana engama-20 njalo ngemizuzu engama-20 ukuze ubheke okuthile okungamamitha angama-20. 
• Ukugcina ibanga elifanele lokufunda (amasentimitha angama-35-40) ukusuka ezincwadini nasezikrinini 
• Ukuqinisekisa ukukhanya okwanele ngesikhathi semisebenzi eseduze nomsebenzi 
• Ikhawulela amaseshini aseduze nomsebenzi aqhubekayo abe yimizuzu engama-30 
• Ukudala indawo yokufunda enokukhanya okuhle, okungcono kube nokukhanya kwemvelo 
• Ukuthatha amakhefu avamile phakathi nesikhathi esandisiwe sesikrini 

Isiphetho 

Ukuvimbela kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni i-myopia, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezincane. Imikhuba elula njengokuchitha isikhathi ungaphandle, ukuthatha ikhefu njalo phakathi nemisebenzi eseduze nomsebenzi, nokugcina amabanga afanele okufunda kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi ye-myopia. Lezi zinyathelo zokuvimbela, kuhlanganiswe nokuhlolwa kwamehlo okuvamile, kusiza ukuvikela impilo yamehlo yesikhathi eside.

FAQs 

1. Ingabe i-myopia yisimo esibucayi? 

I-Myopia ithinta cishe u-30% wabantu futhi idinga ukunakwa, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni. Nakuba i-myopia emaphakathi kuya komaphakathi ngokuvamile idala ubungozi obuncane lapho ilungiswa kahle, i-myopia ephezulu ingaholela ezinkingeni ezibucayi, okuhlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-retina, i-glaucoma, kanye nolwelwesi lwamehlo olusanda kuqala.

2. Ingabe i-myopia embi emehlweni? 

Uma ingelashwa, i-myopia ingaba nomthelela empilweni yamehlo iyonke. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abantu abane-myopia ephezulu babhekana nengozi enkulu ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-20 yokuba nezimo ezisongela ukubona. Nokho, ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele ngokuhlolwa kwamehlo okuvamile nokulungiswa kombono okufanele kungasiza ekugcineni amehlo anempilo.

3. Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-myopia? 

Ochwepheshe bamehlo baqaphela izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-myopia:

• I-myopia elula: Ifomu elivamile elingalungiswa ngezinsiza zokubona ezijwayelekile
• I-myopia ye-pathological: Ifomu elinzima kakhulu elingabangela izinguquko zesakhiwo esweni

4. Ngingayinciphisa kanjani ingozi yokuba ne-myopia? 

Ukuguqulwa okuningana kwendlela yokuphila kungasiza ukunciphisa ingozi ye-myopia:

• Chitha okungenani amahora angu-2 nsuku zonke ungaphandle ekukhanyeni kwemvelo
• Landela umthetho we-20-20-20 phakathi nesikhathi sesikrini
• Gcina ibanga elifanele lokufunda (35-40 cm)
• Thatha ikhefu elivamile phakathi nemisebenzi eseduze nomsebenzi

5. Yikuphi ukudla okufanele ngikudle ukuze ngigcine amehlo ami enempilo ngangokunokwenzeka? 

Ukudla okunomsoco okunothiswe izakhamzimba ezithile kusekela impilo yamehlo ephelele. Ukudla okubalulekile kuhlanganisa:

• Izinhlanzi: Ucebile omega-3 amafutha acids
• Imifino eluhlaza enamahlamvu amnyama: Iphezulu ku-lutein ne-zeaxanthin
• Izithelo ezisawolintshi: Umthombo omuhle kakhulu we-vitamin C
• Amaqanda: Iqukethe imisoco ebalulekile empilweni yamehlo
• Imbewu: Iphezulu ku-vitamin E kanye ne-omega-3s

UDkt. Neelu Agrawal

CARE Medical Team

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