11 Ukubaluleka Kokugoma Okufanele Ukwazi

Imithi yokugoma ivimbela izigidi zokufa emhlabeni wonke unyaka nonyaka, ikwenze kube ngenye yezindlela zokungenelela zezempilo zomphakathi eziphumelela kakhulu emlandweni. Ukubaluleka kokugoma kudlulela ngalé kokuvikela komuntu ngamunye, okwenza isihlangu esivikela yonke imiphakathi ezifweni eziyingozi.

Lo mhlahlandlela ophelele uhlola ukuthi ukugoma kuwavikela kanjani amaqembu obudala ahlukahlukene, kusukela ezinsaneni kuye kwabadala. Uzoqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo zokugoma, izimfuneko ezithile zesigaba ngasinye sokuphila, nokuthi kungani ukulondoloza amashejuli okugoma afanele kuhlala kubalulekile ekuvikelweni kwezempilo kwesikhathi eside.

Imithi Yokugoma Yakha Kanjani Ukugonywa

Amasosha omzimba adala ukuvikelwa ngenqubo ephawulekayo yokuqashelwa nokusabela. Lapho umgomo ungena emzimbeni, uqukethe amagciwane abuthakathaka noma izingxenye zawo ezikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamasosha omzimba. Lamasosha omzimba asebenza njengamasosha, alungele ukulwa nekusasa izifo. Umzimba ugcina lamasosha omzimba avikelayo ngamaseli enkumbulo, angakhumbula indlela yokulwa nezifo ezithile iminyaka eminingi.

Izinhlobo Zokugoma Ezitholakalayo

Imithi yesimanje inikeza izinhlobo ezimbalwa zemithi yokugoma, ngayinye yakhelwe izinjongo ezithile. Izigaba eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

• Imijovo yokugoma ebukhoma: Iqukethe igciwane elibuthaka noma amafomu ebhaktheriya, enikeza ukuvikeleka okuhlala isikhathi eside ngokuvamile imithamo emibili
• Imithi Yokugoma Engasebenzi: Sebenzisa izinguqulo ezibulewe zamagciwane, ezidinga imithamo eminingi ukuze uvikeleke ngokuphelele
• Imithi yokugoma ye-Suunit: Faka izingxenye ezithile kuphela ze-pathogen, okuzenza ziphephe kakhulu
• Imithi yokugoma i-Toxoid: Idalwe ngobuthi obungacushiwe obukhiqizwa amagciwane
• I-Conjugate Vaccines: Hlanganisa izingxenye ezahlukene ukuze udale ukuzivikela okuqinile
• Imithi yokugoma ebalulekile yempilo yangaphambi kwesikhathi: i-pneumococcal, i-Hib, i-hepatitis-B, Umkhuhlane Umgomo
• Amashothi abalulekile we-booster: Izingane kanye nabantu abadala badinga Okuhlanganisa- I-HPV VACCINE Yabafana Namantombazane (umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho). Yeqa umuthi wokugomela i-Covid njengoba ungalulekwanga namuhla 

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokugoma

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokugoma sincike ekhonweni lomzimba lokukhumbula ukuhlangana kwangaphambilini namagciwane. Le nkumbulo ye-immunological ivumela impendulo esheshayo lapho ibhekene nezifo zangempela. Imithi yokugoma isebenza ngokulingisa isifo, isiza umzimba ukuthi ufunde ukuzivikela ngaphandle kwezingozi zokugula okuphelele. Isivikelo singahlala iminyaka eminingi futhi, kwezinye izimo, impilo yonke.

Ukuvikela Izinsana Nezingane Ezincane

Ukwakha isisekelo esiqinile sempilo yezingane kuqala ezinsukwini zabo zokuqala. Odokotela gcizelela ukuthi ukuphothulwa kokugoma okufika ngesikhathi kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukufa kwezingane okungadingekile ezifweni ezigwemeka ngokugoma.

Imithi Ebalulekile Yempilo Yasencane

Izinsana zidinga ukuvikelwa kusukela zizalwa njengoba zisengozini enkulu yezifo ezihlukahlukene. Imithi yokugoma yokuqala ivamise ukuqala phakathi namahora angama-24 wokuzalwa ngokugonyelwa i-hepatitis B. Odokotela batusa imithi yokugoma eminingana ebalulekile ngonyaka wokuqala:

• I-BCG yokuvikela isifo sofuba
• I-DTaP ye-diphtheria, i-tetanus, ne-pertussis
• Umuthi wokugomela i-Rotavirus wokuvimbela isifo sohudo esibi
• Imithi yokugomela uvendle ukuze ivikeleke kupoliomyelitis
• I-MMR yokuvikela isimungumungwane, umvukuzane, nokuvikela i-rubella

Ukwakha Izisekelo Zokuzivikela Eziqinile

Ukuqina izivikeli mzimba ebuntwaneni ubeka isisekelo sempilo engcono yesikhathi eside. Ukungavikeleki okuhle kubalulekile kumazinga aphelele wamandla, isimo sengqondo, kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila iyonke. Izingane ezinezivikeli mzimba ezinempilo ziba ngcono lapho zigula futhi mancane amathuba okuba zibe nezifo ezingelapheki kamuva ekuphileni.

Ukubaluleka Kwesheduli Yokugoma

Ukulandela umugqa wesikhathi onconywayo wokugoma kubalulekile, njengoba imigomo isebenza kakhulu eminyakeni ethile. Ochwepheshe bakhetha isikhathi sokugoma ngokusekelwe lapho amasosha omzimba ezingane esabela kahle kakhulu nalapho bebhekene nengozi enkulu yokubamba izifo ezithile. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukugoma okubambezelekile kungashiya izingane zisengozini ngokungadingekile ezifweni isikhathi eside. Odokotela bangasebenzisa imithi yokugoma eyinhlanganisela ukuze behlise inani lokudutshulwa izingane ezikuthola ngesikhathi esisodwa kuyilapho zigcina ukuvikelwa.

Ukuvikela Intsha kanye Nabantu Abadala

Ukuvikela ezifweni kuhlala kubalulekile kubo bonke abantu abadala, njengalokhu ukuzivikela emithini yokugoma yezingane ingashabalala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. 

I-Essential Booster Shots

Abantu abadala badinga amashothi akhuthazayo athile ukuze bagcine amazinga abo okugomela. Umuthi wokugomela i-tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis (Tdap) udinga i-booster njalo eminyakeni eyi-10 ukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka okuqhubekayo. Odokotela batusa imithi yokugoma eminingana ebalulekile kubantu abadala:

• Umgomo womkhuhlane minyaka yonke
• I-Tetanus ikhuthaza njalo eminyakeni eyishumi
• Imithi yokugomela i-pneumococcal esekelwe eminyakeni yobudala kanye nezici zengozi
• Imithi yokugomela i-COVID-19 ngokwemihlahlandlela yamanje

Ukugcina Ukuvikelwa Kokuphila Konke

Uhambo lokugoma luyaqhubeka impilo yonke, njengoba ukuvikeleka kweminye imigomo kungancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abantu abadala kufanele bahlale benolwazi ngemithi yokugoma enconyiwe ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa:

• Ukuvikelwa komuthi wokugoma kwangaphambilini kungenzeka kube buthaka
• Imithi yokugoma emisha kungenzeka ukuthi isiyatholakala
• Izimo ezithile zezokwelapha zingadinga ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe
• Izidingo zendawo yokusebenza noma zokuhamba zingase zidinge imithi ethile yokugoma

Abesifazane abahlela ukukhulelwa badinga imigomo ethile, ehlanganisa i-Tdap phakathi nokukhulelwa ngakunye, ukuvikela bobabili umama nengane.

Ukweseka Impilo Yabadala Ngokugoma

Abantu abadala babhekene nezinselelo zezempilo eziyingqayizivele ezenza ukugoma kubaluleke kakhulu. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi njengoba abantu bengena eshumini lesithupha leminyaka yokuphila, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni siba nezinguquko ezinkulu ezithinta ikhono labo lokulwa nezifo.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Kwabadala

Abantu abadala badinga imithi ethile yokugoma ukuze balondoloze ukuvikelwa kwezempilo okuphelele. ICenters for Disease Control incoma imigomo emihlanu ebalulekile kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu. Lezi zivikelo ezibalulekile zihlanganisa:

• Umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane waminyaka yonke onezinketho zomthamo omkhulu
• Umuthi wokugomela i-pneumococcal (u-60-70% osebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene nesifo esihlaselayo)
• Umuthi wokugomela ama-shingles (ngaphezu kuka-90% usebenza ngendlela emisha)
• Ama-boosters we-Tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis (Tdap).
• Umuthi wokugomela i-RSV wokuvikela ukuphefumula

Isistimu Yamasosha omzimba Iyashintsha Ngokukhula

Inqubo yokuguga ithinta ngokwemvelo izindlela zokuzivikela zomzimba. Amasosha omzimba ayaphuza ukuphendula futhi angasebenzi kahle ekuvikeleni ezinsongweni ezintsha. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abantu abadala asebekhulile bathola ukuzivikela ngezindlela eziningana: amangqamuzana abo omzimba asebenza kancane, ukuphulukiswa kuthatha isikhathi eside, futhi ikhono lomzimba lokubona ukukhubazeka kwamaseli liyehla. Lezi zinguquko zenza abantu abadala bangenwe kalula izifo futhi zinganciphisa ukusebenza komgomo.

Isiphetho

Ukugoma kuyisihlangu esibalulekile esivikela abantu bayo yonke iminyaka ezifweni eziyingozi. Ucwaningo lufakazela ukuthi ukugoma okufanele kusindisa izigidi zabantu unyaka ngamunye futhi kwakha imiphakathi enamandla, enempilo. Izinzuzo zidlulela kusukela ezinsaneni ezithola ukudutshulwa kwazo kokuqala ziye kubantu abadala ezithola imithi yokugoma ekhethekile yokuvikela okuqondene neminyaka ethile.

Isayensi yezokwelapha ikhombisa ukuthi ukulandela amashejuli okugoma anconyiwe kunikeza ukuzivikela okungcono kakhulu ezifweni ezingagwemeka. Abantu abagcina amarekhodi abo okugoma futhi bahlale benolwazi ngama-booster basiza ukudala umgoqo ovikelayo emindenini nasemiphakathini yabo. Lokhu kuvikelwa kubaluleka ikakhulukazi emaqenjini asengozini njengezinsana nabantu abadala asebekhulile ababhekene nezingozi eziphakeme zezempilo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

1. Kungani ukugoma kubalulekile kubantu babo bonke ubudala? 

Ukugoma kubalulekile kuwo wonke umuntu njengoba kusiza amasosha omzimba ukuthi afunde ukuzivikela emagciwaneni ayingozi. Inikeza indlela ephephile yokwakha isivikelo uma iqhathaniswa nokubamba izifo. Imithi yokugoma inganikeza ukugonywa impilo yonke ngokumelene nezimo ezihlukahlukene ezisongela ukuphila, okunomthelela ekuphileni okude, okunempilo kubantu ngabanye kanye nemiphakathi.

2. Isebenza kanjani imigomo ukuze ivikele impilo yami? 

Imithi yokugoma isebenza ngokuvuselela izindlela zokuzivikela zemvelo zomzimba. Aqukethe amagciwane abuthakathaka noma izingxenye zawo, aqala ukukhiqizwa kwamasosha omzimba. Lamasosha omzimba asebenza njengabavikeli, alungele ukulwa nezifo ezizayo. Umzimba ugcina lesi sivikelo ngamaseli enkumbulo, angakhumbula indlela yokulwa nezifo ezithile iminyaka eminingi.

3. Kungani kubalulekile ukulandela uhlelo olunconyiwe lokugoma lwezingane? 

Ukulandela umugqa wesikhathi wokugoma onconywayo kubalulekile ngoba imigomo isebenza kakhulu uma inikezwa eminyakeni ethile. Ochwepheshe bakhetha isikhathi sokugoma ngokusekelwe lapho amasosha omzimba ezingane esabela kahle kakhulu nalapho bebhekene nengozi enkulu yokubamba izifo ezithile. Ukubambezeleka kokugoma kungashiya izingane zisengozini ngokungadingekile ezifweni isikhathi eside izinkathi.

4. Ingabe abantu abadala badinga ukuqhubeka nokugoma? 

Yebo, abantu abadala badinga ukuqhubeka nokugonywa njengoba ukuzivikela emithini yokugoma yezingane kungafiphala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amashothi akhuthazayo, afana nomuthi wokugomela i-tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis (Tdap) njalo eminyakeni eyi-10, ayadingeka ukuze kugcinwe ukuvikelwa. Abantu abadala futhi badinga imithi ethile yokugoma esekelwe eminyakeni yobudala, izici zobungozi, nokuchayeka kwezifo okungaba khona ngokuhamba noma ngomsebenzi.

5. Kungani imithi yokugoma ibalulekile kubantu abadala? 

Imithi yokugoma ibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abadala ngoba amasosha omzimba angase abe nezinguquko ezibalulekile ngokuya ngeminyaka, aphuze ukuphendula futhi angasebenzi kahle ekuvikeleni izinsongo ezintsha. Abantu abadala bangenwa kalula yizifo futhi bangase bathole ukuncipha kokusebenza komgomo. Ukugoma okufanele kusiza ukuvimbela izinkinga ezihlobene neminyaka futhi kunciphisa ingozi yemiphumela emibi evela kumkhuhlane kanye nenyumoniya.