Izisulu

Iningi lethu like lezwa ngegama elithi isimungumungwane. Kuye kwathinta thina noma othile esimaziyo. Lesi sifo esiyingozi sisakazeka ngokushesha phakathi kwabantu ngaphandle kokuvikelwa, futhi abantu abangafika kwabayi-9 kwabayi-10 batheleleka ngemva kokuchayeka. Isimungumungwana sithathwa njengosongo olukhulu lwezempilo emhlabeni wonke futhi singavinjelwa ngokugoma.

Ngokusho kwabezempilo, lesi sifo sibulale izigidi zabantu minyaka yonke ngaphambi kokuthi kwethulwe izinhlelo zokugomela isimungumungwane emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenxa yokuzimisela kukahulumeni kanye nokwesekwa okuqinile kwabantu bayo i-India isizuze inqubekelaphambili eqinile emikhankasweni yayo yokugoma. Noma kunjalo, kukhona ezinye izifunda ezinemithi yokugoma engeyinhle ekhombisa ukuqubuka. Ukugomela izingane imvukuzane kuseyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuyivikela nokunqanda ukusabalala kwayo. Ukwehlisa izinombolo zesimungumungwane, abantu kudingeka bagxile ekuqwashiseni, ekuthwebuleni ngesikhathi, nasekuqaleni ukwelashwa.

Ukuqubuka okusha kusikhombisa ukuthi kungani kufanele sifunde ngalesi sifo. Abantu kumele baqonde izimbangela zayo, izimpawu, amasu okuvimbela, nezindlela zokwelapha ukuze bazivikele bona nemiphakathi yabo. Lesi sihloko singena kukho konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nesimungumungwane, ukuthi sibathinta kanjani abantu, nezindlela zokuhlala uphephile.

Iyini Isimungumungwane?

Isimungumungwane sibangelwa igciwane le-rubeola, elingelinye lamagciwane amaningi izifo ezithathelwanayo okutholwe yisayensi yezokwelapha. Lesi sifo esibangelwa amagciwane kuqala sihlasela isimiso sokuphefumula bese sisakazekela kuwo wonke umzimba. Isimungumungwana sidala inselelo enkulu yezempilo e-India, sithinta izingane. Leli gciwane lisakazeka lapho othile ekhwehlela, ethimula, noma esondela kakhulu kumuntu onaleli gciwane. 

Izinhlobo Zesimungumungwane

Izifo ezimbili ezihlukene zegciwane zinegama lesimungumungwane:

• Isimungumungwana esijwayelekile (isimungumungwana esibomvu noma esiqinile): Igciwane le-rubeola libangela lolu hlobo
• Isimungumungwane yaseJalimane (i-rubella): Igciwane le-rubella liholela kulokhu kutheleleka okungenamandla

Izimpawu Zesimungumungwane

Abantu ngokuvamile babonisa izimpawu ezinsukwini ezingu-7-14 ngemva kokuchayeka. Izimpawu zokuqala zokuxwayisa zihlanganisa:

• Umkhuhlane omkhulu engakhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-104°F
• Ukukhwehlela okungeke kuphele
• Iphutha le-Runny
• Amehlo abomvu, anamanzi
• Ukuzizwa ukhathele nokungathandi ukudla

Amachashaza amancane amhlophe (amachashaza e-Koplik) avela emlonyeni ezinsukwini ezi-2-3 ngemuva kokuvela kwezimpawu zokuqala. Ukuqubuka kwe-telltale (Maculopapular rash) kulandela izinsuku ezi-3-5 kamuva. Iqala ebusweni ishone phansi.

Izimbangela Zesifo Sesimungumungwane

Igciwane le-rubeola lihamba ngamaconsi omoya lapho abantu abanaleli gciwane bephefumula, bekhwehlela, noma bethimula. Lezi zinhlayiya ezithathelwanayo zihlala zisebenza endaweni kuze kube amahora amabili.

Ingozi Yesimungumungwane

Abantu abangenawo umgomo babhekene nengozi enkulu kakhulu. Lesi sifo sibeka ingozi enkulu ku:

• Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu
• Abantu abadala abangaphezu kwamashumi amabili
• abesifazane abakhulelwe
• Abantu abane- amasosha omzimba abuthakathaka

Izinkinga Zesimungumungwane

Iziguli eziningi zilulama ngokugcwele phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-7-10. Izinkinga ezinkulu zingabandakanya:

• Izifo zendlebe 
• I-pneumonia 
• Ubuchopho bungavuvuka (encephalitis)
• Izinkinga zokukhulelwa ingathuthuka
• Ukufa kwenzeka ku-1-3 ngamacala ayi-1,000
• Uhudo
• Ukutheleleka Kwegciwane Lesibili

Sifo 

Isimungumungwana sibonakala kuqala njengokuqubuka okuhlukile okunomkhuhlane kanye nezimpawu zomkhuhlane. Odokotela baqinisekisa amacala ngokuthi:

• I-Nasopharyngeal noma i-throat swabs iveza imiphumela engcono kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinsuku ezintathu zokuqala ngemva kokuvela kwe-rash. 
• Amasampula egazi angakwazi ukuhlonza amasosha omzimba aqondene nesimungumungwane, nakuba lawa angase angabonakali kuze kube usuku lwesithathu lwezimpawu.

Ukwelashwa

Isimungumungwana asinakho ukwelashwa okuqondile kwe-antiviral. Izikhungo zokunakekela iziguli ku:

• Ugcina i-hydration efanele futhi umsoco
• Ukulawula umkhuhlane ngemithi ye-antipyretic (ungalokothi ube ne-aspirin yezingane)
• Izithako zikavithamini A zezinsuku ezimbili ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokwelashwa, ikakhulukazi uma unezingane

Uzoyibona Nini Udokotela

Ukwelashwa kuyaphuthuma uma isimungumungwane sidala:

• Ukuphefumula kanzima
• Umkhuhlane ophezulu ongeke wehle
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu kakhulu noma ukudideka
• ukuquleka

Ukuvimbela Isifo Sesimungumungwane

Imithamo emibili yomgomo we-MMR inikeza ukuvikelwa okungama-97% kumvukuzane. Umgomo ungavimbela ukutheleleka uma unikezwa phakathi kwamahora angu-72 wokuchayeka kumuntu onesimungumungwane. I-Immunoglobulin ingasiza uma inikezwa phakathi nezinsuku eziyisithupha zokuchayeka kubantu abangakwazi ukugonywa njengezinsana ezingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisi-6 ubudala.

Isiphetho

Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi, ukunakekelwa okufanele, nokugoma kudlala indima enkulu ekulawuleni isimungumungwane. Abantu abaningi bayalulama lingakapheli iviki ngokunakekelwa okufanele.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

1. Ingabe isimungumungwane siyathelelana?

Isimungumungwana sisabalala kalula ngendlela ethusayo. Leli gciwane lingangena kubantu abayisi-9 kwabayishumi abangavikelekile abasondela kumuntu onaleli gciwane. Umuntu okhwehlelayo, othimulayo, noma okhulumayo angasakaza igciwane ngomoya. Igciwane lihlala lisebenza endaweni kuze kube amahora amabili. Umuntu angasakaza ukutheleleka ezinsukwini ezi-4 ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukuqubuka kanye nezinsuku ezi-4 ngemuva kokuba kuqale.

2. Isimungumungwane sihlala isikhathi esingakanani?

Lonke uvivinyo lwesimungumungwane olungaxakile luvame ukuthatha izinsuku ezingama-7-10. Izimpawu ziqala ukubonakala ezinsukwini ezingama-7-14 ngemuva kokuchayeka. Umkhuhlane nezinye izimpawu ngokuvamile ziqhubeka izinsuku ezingu-4-7. Ama-rashes ngokuvamile ayaphela ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-5-6.

3. Yiziphi izimpawu zokuqala zesimungumungwane?

Izimpawu zokuqala zihlanganisa:

• Umkhuhlane omkhulu 
• Ukukhwehlela okomile okuqhubekayo
• Iphutha le-Runny
• Amehlo abomvu, anamanzi
• Umuzwa ojwayelekile wokugula

Amachashaza amhlophe abizwa ngokuthi amachashaza e-Koplik angase avele phakathi kwezihlathi ezinsukwini ezingu-2-3 ngemva kwezimpawu zokuqala.

4. Ngingaba nesimungumungwane ngaphandle komkhuhlane?

Abantu abagonyiwe bangase babe nezimpawu ezithambile noma bangabi nomkhuhlane. Noma kunjalo, isimungumungwane esivamile sihlala sifika nomkhuhlane omkhulu ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukuqhuma.

5. Kwenzekani uma isimungumungwane singelashwa?

Isimungumungwane singadala izinkinga ezinkulu ngaphandle kokunakekelwa okufanele:

• I-pneumonia 
• Ukuvuvukala kobuchopho (encephalitis)
• Izifo zendlebe
• Uhudo olunzima nokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni
• Ukuphuphuthekisa

UDkt. Saurabh Piparsania

MBBS, DNB, MNAMS, MBA
Izibhedlela ze-CARE CHL, e-Indore

Ukuze Ubhukhe Isikhathi, shayela:

+91 406 810 6585