I-Acetaminophen

I-Acetaminophen

I-acetaminophen, eyaziwa nangokuthi I-Paracetamol, iyi-analgesic ne-antipyretic, okusho ukuthi isetshenziselwa ukulawula ubuhlungu nokunciphisa ukushisa komzimba. Isetshenziselwa ukusiza ekudambiseni ubuhlungu obuncane ukuya kobumaphakathi. Ngokuvamile kunconywa njengomugqa wokuqala wokwelapha ubuhlungu.

Indlela eyinhloko yokusebenza ngokuvinjelwa kwe-COX-1 ne-COX-2 inhibitors. 

Yiziphi ukusetshenziswa kwe-Acetaminophen?

Lesi sidakamizwa sinendima yokudambisa izinhlungu kodwa futhi sinomsebenzi we-antipyretic, okusho ukuthi wehlisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba. Nazi ezimbalwa zokusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko.


• Ukuphathwa kwemfiva
• Ubuhlungu bemisipha 
• Ukuphathwa yikhanda
• Ukukhululeka okukhulu kwe-migraines
• Ubuhlungu bamazinyo kanye nobuhlungu bangemva kokuhlinzwa
• Isiza ekuvaleni i-patent ductus arteriosus
• Ukwehla kokuya esikhathini

Ungayisebenzisa kanjani i-Acetaminophen

• Funda ilebula: Funda ngokucophelela ilebula yemithi bese ulandela imiyalelo yomthamo enikeziwe. Qinisekisa ukuthi iwumkhiqizo ofanele wezimpawu zakho.
• Isilinganiso: Thatha umthamo onconywayo njengoba uqondiswa umhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo noma njengoba kukhonjisiwe ephaketheni. Umthamo ungahluka kuye ngeminyaka, isisindo, kanye nomkhiqizo othile, ngakho landela imiyalelo eduze.
• Ifomu: I-acetaminophen itholakala ngezindlela ezehlukene, okuhlanganisa amaphilisi, amaphilisi, uketshezi, namaphilisi asebenzayo. Khetha ifomu elifaneleka kakhulu izidingo zakho bese ulandela imiyalelo yokudosa ngendlela efanele.
• Isikhathi: Thatha i-Acetaminophen ngokudla noma ngaphandle kokudla, njengoba kuyaliwe. Isikhathi singathinta ukuthi umuthi usebenza ngokushesha kangakanani.
• Ungeqi Umthamo Onconyiwe: Ungathathi ngaphezu komthamo onconywayo, futhi ungawuphuzi kaningi kunalokho oceliwe. Ukuthatha kakhulu kungaba yingozi futhi kungaholela ekulimaleni kwesibindi.
• Isikhathi: Sebenzisa i-Acetaminophen isikhathi esifushane esidingekayo ukuze udambise izimpawu zakho. Uma izimpawu zakho ziqhubeka, thintana nochwepheshe bezempilo.
• Sebenzisa Ezinhlungwini Nemfiva: I-acetaminophen ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukudambisa izinhlungu nokunciphisa imfiva.
• I-Stay Hydrated: Qinisekisa ukuthi uphuza uketshezi oluningi ngenkathi uthatha i-Acetaminophen, ikakhulukazi uma unomkhuhlane, ukuvimbela ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.

Isebenza kanjani i-Acetaminophen?

I-acetaminophen (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-paracetamol) isebenza ngokunciphisa ubuhlungu nokwehlisa imfiva. Lokhu ikwenza ngokuvimbela amakhemikhali athile ebuchosheni adlulisa izimpawu zobuhlungu futhi alawule izinga lokushisa lomzimba.

• Ukuvinjelwa kokukhiqizwa kwe-Prostaglandin: I-acetaminophen ivimbela i-enzyme ebizwa ngokuthi i-cyclooxygenase (COX), ikakhulukazi i-COX-2, enesibopho sokukhiqiza i-prostaglandin ebuchosheni nasemgogodleni.
• Ukunciphisa Imizwa Yobuhlungu: Ngokuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwe-prostaglandin, i-acetaminophen inciphisa ukuzwela kwama-receptors obuhlungu (ama-nociceptors) emzimbeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba umthombo wobuhlungu ungase ube khona, ubuchopho bubona ukuzwa ubuhlungu obuncane.
• Ukunciphisa Ukushisa: I-Prostaglandin nayo idlala indima ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa lomzimba. Ngokuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-prostaglandin ku-hypothalamus (i-thermostat yomzimba), i-acetaminophen isiza ukwehlisa imfiva.
• Imithelela Evimbela Ukuvuvukala Elinganiselwe: Ngokungafani nezidakamizwa ezingezona ukuvuvukala (ama-NSAID) njenge-ibuprofen noma i-aspirin, i-acetaminophen inemiphumela emincane yokulwa nokuvuvukala futhi iqondise kakhulu ubuhlungu nokunciphisa umkhuhlane.

Uyithatha kanjani futhi nini i-Acetaminophen?

Lesi sidakamizwa sisetshenziswa ngomlomo, ikakhulukazi ngesimo sethebhulethi noma ukumiswa (kuzingane). Kukhona nezinguqulo ezihlafunwayo zethebhulethi ezitholakalayo. Ithebhulethi iphumelela kakhulu uma ithathwa ngezibonakaliso zokuqala zobuhlungu noma njalo njengomthamo we-prophylactic. Umthamo wansuku zonke we-3.25g ngosuku akufanele weqiwe. Ungathathi i-Acetaminophen isikhathi eside ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kwalapho kwelulekwa udokotela. Sekukonke, kuwukuhlakanipha ukuthi uhlale uthintana nodokotela wakho ukuthi uwuphuza kanjani umuthi.

Iyini imiphumela emibi ye-Acetaminophen?

Iningi labantu aliyitholi imiphumela emibi, kodwa kungaba khona, okuhlanganisa:


• Ukungezwani komzimba (akuvamile kakhulu)
• Ukusabela kwesikhumba (akuvamile)
• Ukulimala kwezinso
• Inani elincishisiwe lamaplatelet (thrombocytopenia)
• Ukopha emathunjini, ikakhulukazi uma uyisidakwa esingapheli.

Lolu akulona uhlu olukhethekile lwemiphumela emibi, futhi kungase kube neminye imiphumela emibi ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-Acetaminophen. Vakashela udokotela wakho ngokushesha uma ubona le miphumela emibi isikhathi eside.

Yiziphi izinyathelo okufanele zithathwe ngenkathi uthatha i-Acetaminophen?

• Kubalulekile ukusho kudokotela wakho yonke eminye imithi kanye nomlando wezokwelapha, kuhlanganise nezinso nesibindi.
• Kubalulekile futhi ukusho umlando wotshwala nokwaliwa.
• Inguqulo ehlafunwayo yalo muthi ingase ibe ne-aspartame, futhi kufanele kuqashelwe uma une-phenylketonuria. 
• Nakuba umuthi uphephile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kubalulekile ukusho kudokotela wakho ngaphambi kokudla i-paracetamol. 

Kuthiwani uma ngiphuthelwe umthamo we-Acetaminophen?

Uma uphuthelwe umthamo we-Acetaminophen, yithathe ngokushesha nje lapho ukhumbula, inqobo nje uma kungakapheli amahora angu-4 wedosi yakho elandelayo. Akufanelekile ukuthatha umthamo owengeziwe ukuze unxephezele ogejiwe. Ngaso sonke isikhathi buza udokotela wakho uma kwenzeka uphuthelwa imithamo.

Kuthiwani uma kune-overdose ye-Acetaminophen?

Ukungena acute kwalesi sidakamizwa kungaholela ubuthi noma overdose. Lokhu kungaba yingozi kakhulu, okuholela ekulimaleni kwesibindi ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Ukweqisa ngokweqile kungaholela ku-coma kanye ne-acidosis noma ngisho ne-hepatotoxicity, nakuba ingavamile. Ezimeni zokudlula umthamo, vakashela isibhedlela esiseduze ngosizo oluthembekile. Ngokushesha thintana nodokotela wakho mayelana okufanayo ukuze uthole imiyalelo efanele.

Yiziphi izimo zokugcina i-Acetaminophen?

Umuthi kufanele ugcinwe ekamelweni lokushisa futhi ugcinwe kude nokukhanya kanye nomswakama. Umuthi kufanele ugcinwe kude nezingane kanye nezilwane ezifuywayo. Ukulahlwa okufanele kuyelulekwa uma kuphelelwa yisikhathi.

Qaphela neminye imithi ngenkathi uthatha i-Acetaminophen

Ukusebenzisana kwezidakamizwa kwe-Acetaminophen kungandisa ingozi yemiphumela emibi. Lokhu kubandakanya izidakamizwa ezifana-

• I-Ketoconazole
• Levoketoconazole
• I-Rifampin (nezinye izidakamizwa ezihamba nge-metabolism yesibindi)
• I-Cholestyramine inciphisa umphumela wayo ngokunqamula ukumuncwa kwayo.
• I-acetaminophen ingaba namandla okwandisa umphumela wezinto ezinciphisa igazi uma idliwe nezinye izinto ezincane njenge-warfarin.

Lolu hlu alubandakanyi konke ukusebenzisana kwezidakamizwa, futhi kuhlale kuhle ukuthi uthintane nodokotela wakho ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-Acetaminophen.

Imininingwane yomthamo we-Acetaminophen

Umthamo we-acetaminophen (paracetamol) ungahluka kuye ngeminyaka, isisindo, kanye nokwakhiwa okuqondile komuthi. Kubalulekile ukulandela imiyalelo yemithamo enconyiwe enikezwe umhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo noma kulebula yomuthi.

Kwabantu Abadala kanye Nentsha (iminyaka engu-12 nangaphezulu):

• Amathebulethi Avamile Amandla (325-500 mg):
  • I-General Dose: 325-650 mg njalo emahoreni angu-4-6 njengoba kudingeka, kuze kufike ku-4,000 mg (amagremu angu-4) ngosuku.
  • Amathebulethi Amandla Angeziwe (500-650 mg):
  • I-General Dose: 500-1000 mg njalo emahoreni angu-4-6 njengoba kudingeka, kuze kufike ku-4,000 mg ngosuku.
  • Amathebulethi Akhululiwe-Akhululiwe (650 mg):
  • Ngokuvamile kuthathwa njalo ngamahora angu-8; ungadluli ku-3,900 mg ngosuku.

Owezingane (Umthamo ususelwa kusisindo noma iminyaka):

• Izinsana Nezingane (ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyi-12):
  • Sebenzisa ukwakheka kwezingane okufana nokumiswa okuwuketshezi noma amaphilisi ahlafunwayo.
  • Umthamo usekelwe esisindweni noma eminyakeni yobudala, ngokuvamile esukela ku-10-15 mg/kg ngethamo ngalinye njalo emahoreni ama-4-6, kuze kufike kumthamo omkhulu wemithamo emi-5 emahoreni angama-24.
  • Ngaso sonke isikhathi sebenzisa idivayisi yokulinganisa enikezwe umuthi ukuze uthole umthamo onembile.

I-Acetaminophen isebenza ngokushesha kangakanani?

I-acetaminophen ethathwe kwithebhulethi iqala ukusebenza phakathi nehora. Imiphumela yayo ihlala amahora ambalwa. 

Yiziphi izixwayiso ze-Acetaminophen?

Ukuthatha i-acetaminophen eningi kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu zempilo, kuhlanganise nokulimala kwesibindi, ukwehluleka kwesibindi, ngisho nokufa. Nazi ezinye izexwayiso nokucatshangelwa mayelana nezingozi ezingaba khona zokusebenzisa ngokweqile ku-acetaminophen:

• Ukulimala Kwesibindi: I-acetaminophen ngokuyinhloko i-metabolized esibindi. Ukudla okungaphezu komthamo onconywayo kungakweqa amandla esibindi okucubungula umuthi ngokuphumelelayo, okuholela ekulimaleni kwesibindi.
• Ukwehluleka Kwesibindi Okukhulu: Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu ze-acetaminophen overdose, ukwehluleka kwesibindi okukhulu kungenzeka, okungase kudinge ukungenelela kwezokwelapha okuphuthumayo, kuhlanganise nokufakelwa kwesibindi.
• Imithombo Efihliwe: I-acetaminophen ikhona emithini eminingi ye-over-the-counter kanye nekadokotela, okuhlanganisa amakhambi abandayo kanye nomkhuhlane, ukudambisa izinhlungu, nemikhiqizo ehlangene. Abantu bangase badle i-acetaminophen eningi ngokungazi ngokuthatha imithi eminingi enayo.
• Ukusebenzisana Kotshwala: Ukuphuza utshwala ngenkathi uthatha i-acetaminophen kwandisa ingozi yokulimala kwesibindi, njengoba zombili izinto zingagcizelela isibindi. Abantu abavame ukuphuza utshwala kufanele baqaphele ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kwe-acetaminophen futhi baxhumane nomhlinzeki wabo wezempilo ukuze bathole isiqondiso.
• I-Overdose Engapheli: Ngisho nokweqisa okuncane, okuphindaphindiwe kwe-acetaminophen ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungabangela ukulimala kwesibindi. Kubalulekile ukulandela umthamo onconywayo futhi ungeqi umkhawulo wansuku zonke omkhulu.
• Izimpawu Zokudlula Izidakamizwa: Izimpawu zokuqala ze-acetaminophen overdose zingase zihlanganise isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukungakuthandi ukudla, ukujuluka, nobuhlungu besisu. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, izimpawu zingadlulela ku-jaundice, ukudideka, kanye ne-coma.
• Ukwelashwa: Uma kusolwa ukweqisa izidakamizwa, ukunakwa ngokushesha kubalulekile. Ukwelashwa kungase kuhlanganise ukusebenzisa amalahle acushiwe ukuze amunce i-acetaminophen, ukunikeza i-antidote (N-acetylcysteine), nokunakekelwa okusekelayo ukuze ulawule izimpawu nokuvimbela ukulimala kwesibindi.
• Ukucatshangelwa Kwezingane: Abanakekeli kufanele baqaphe lapho benikeza izingane i-acetaminophen futhi kufanele basebenzise umthamo ofanele ngokusekelwe esisindweni sengane neminyaka yobudala. Ukusebenzisa isirinji noma i-dropper emakwe ngezilinganiso zamamililitha kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni umthamo onembile.
• Ukusetshenziswa Okuphephile: Ngaso sonke isikhathi landela imiyalelo yomthamo enconyiwe enikezwe kulebula yemithi noma uchwepheshe wezokunakekelwa kwempilo. Gwema ukuphuza imithi engaphezu kweyodwa equkethe i-acetaminophen ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphandle uma uqondiswa umhlinzeki wezempilo.
• Xhumana Nomhlinzeki Wezempilo: Uma unemibuzo noma okukukhathazayo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-acetaminophen, okuhlanganisa isilinganiso esifanele noma ukusebenzisana okungase kube khona neminye imithi noma izimo zezokwelapha, thintana nomhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo noma usokhemisi ukuze uthole isiqondiso.

I-Acetaminophen vs Ibuprofen

Hlala uthintana nodokotela wakho ngaphambi kokuba uphuze noma yimuphi umuthi.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

1. Ikuphi ukusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu kwe-acetaminophen?

Ukusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu kwe-acetaminophen ukukhulula ubuhlungu nokunciphisa umkhuhlane. Ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukudambisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zobuhlungu, njengekhanda elibuhlungu, imisipha ebuhlungu, nobuhlungu obuhambisana nomkhuhlane noma umkhuhlane.

2. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-Ibuprofen ne-acetaminophen?

I-Ibuprofen kanye ne-acetaminophen zombili izidambisi zobuhlungu ezitholakala ngaphandle kwekhawunta, kodwa zingezamaqembu ezidakamizwa ahlukene futhi zisebenza ngezindlela ezihlukene. I-Ibuprofen iyisidakamizwa esingezona ukuvuvukala (i-NSAID) esinciphisa ubuhlungu, ukuvuvukala nokushisa. I-acetaminophen, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inciphisa kakhulu ubuhlungu nomkhuhlane kodwa inomphumela omncane wokulwa nokuvuvukala.

3. Ingabe i-acetaminophen iyisidambisa-zinhlungu?

Yebo, i-acetaminophen ithathwa njengesidambisi sezinhlungu. Ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukudambisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zobuhlungu, yize ingenazo izinto zokulwa nokuvuvukala ezinye izidambisi zobuhlungu, njengama-NSAID, anazo.

4. Ingabe i-acetaminophen iyawunyusa umfutho wegazi?

I-acetaminophen ngokuvamile ayihlotshaniswa nokwanda okukhulu komfutho wegazi. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukulandela umthamo onconywayo futhi uxhumane nomhlinzeki wezempilo, ikakhulukazi uma unomfutho wegazi ophakeme noma ukukhathazeka okuthile mayelana nomfutho wegazi nokusetshenziswa kwemithi.

5. Ingabe i-acetaminophen izokwehlisa ukuvuvukala?

I-acetaminophen (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-paracetamol) isetshenziselwa ukwehlisa ubuhlungu nomkhuhlane kodwa ngokuvamile ayisebenzi ekwehliseni ukuvuvukala (ukuvuvukala). Uma ubheke ngokuqondile ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala, ungase uthande ukucabangela ukusebenzisa imithi elwa nokuvuvukala njenge-ibuprofen (uma ifaneleka kuwe), engasiza kokubili ukukhululeka kobuhlungu nokunciphisa ukuvuvukala.

6. Ngingakwazi yini ukuthatha i-acetaminophen ngenkathi ngikhulelwe?

I-acetaminophen ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengephephile ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa lapho ithathwa ngemithamo enconyiwe. Ngokuvamile kunconywa ukuphatha ubuhlungu nomkhuhlane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukubonisana nomhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngaphambi kokuthatha noma yimiphi imithi ngenkathi ukhulelwe, njengoba angakunikeza izeluleko eziqondene nawe ngokusekelwe esimweni sakho sezempilo kanye nesigaba sokukhulelwa.

7. Ingabe i-acetaminophen iyafana ne-paracetamol?

Yebo, i-acetaminophen umuthi ofanayo nowe-paracetamol. Lawa magama asetshenziswa ngokushintshana ezindaweni ezahlukene zomhlaba. E-United States, ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi i-acetaminophen, kuyilapho kwamanye amazwe amaningi, kuhlanganise ne-United Kingdom, yaziwa ngokuthi i-paracetamol.

8. Ingabe i-acetaminophen izokwehlisa ukuvuvukala?

Cha, i-acetaminophen (paracetamol) ayisebenzi ekwehliseni ukuvuvukala (ukuvuvukala). Isebenza ngokuyinhloko njengesidambisi sobuhlungu kanye ne-fever reducer. Uma udinga ukubhekana nokuvuvukala kanye nobuhlungu, kungase kudingeke ucabangele ukusebenzisa imithi ehlukile njengesidakamizwa esilwa nokuvuvukala (i-NSAID) njenge-ibuprofen, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi thintana nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo ngaphambi kokuqala noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemithi emisha.

References:

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-362/acetaminophen-oral/details https://www.drugs.com/acetaminophen.html
https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a681004.html

Umshwana wokuzihlangula: Ulwazi olunikezwe lapha alwenzelwe ukufaka iseluleko esivela kuchwepheshe wezokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ulwazi aluhloselwe ukumboza konke ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka, imiphumela engemihle, izinyathelo zokuphepha, nokusebenzisana kwezidakamizwa. Lolu lwazi aluhloselwe ukuphakamisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa umuthi othile kufanelekile, kuphephile, noma kuyasebenza wena noma omunye umuntu. Ukungabi bikho kwanoma yiluphi ulwazi noma isexwayiso mayelana nomuthi akufanele kuhunyushwe njengesiqinisekiso esicacile esivela enhlanganweni. Sikweluleka ngokuqinile ukuthi uthintane nodokotela uma kukhona okukukhathazayo ngomuthi futhi ungalokothi usebenzise umuthi ngaphandle kwencwadi kadokotela.