Izinsizakalo Zokumpontshelwa Igazi e-Raipur
Ukumpontshelwa igazi ngokuvamile kuyinqubo yokwamukela igazi noma imikhiqizo yegazi emjikelezweni womuntu ngomthambo. Ukumpontshelwa kusetshenziswa izimo ezihlukahlukene zezokwelapha ukuze kuthathelwe indawo izingxenye ezilahlekile zegazi. Ukumpontshelwa kwasekuqaleni kwakusebenzisa igazi lilonke, kodwa ukwelapha kwanamuhla kuvame ukusebenzisa izingxenye zegazi kuphela, njengamangqamuzana abomvu egazi, amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, i- plasma, izici ezijiyisa igazi namaplatelet. I-Blood Transfusion Services e-Raipur inikezelwe ekugcineni igazi eliphephile nelisebenza kahle ukuze lisekele ukunakekela impilo izidingo zomphakathi.
Umnikelo wegazi: Ukumpontshelwa igazi ngokuvamile kusebenzisa imithombo yegazi: elomuntu siqu (i-autologous transfusion), noma elomunye umuntu (i-allogeneic noma i-homologous transfusion). Lesi sakamuva sivame kakhulu kunesokuqala. Ukusebenzisa igazi lomunye kumele kuqale ngokunikela ngegazi. Igazi linikelwa kakhulu njengegazi eliphelele ngomthambo futhi liqoqwe nge-anticoagulant. Emazweni athuthukile, iminikelo ivame ukungaziwa kumamukeli, kodwa imikhiqizo esebhange legazi ihlale ilandeleka ngamunye kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokunikela, ukuhlolwa, ukwehlukaniswa kube izingxenye, ukugcinwa, nokuphathwa kowamukelayo. Lokhu kwenza ukuba kulawulwe futhi kuphenywe noma yikuphi okusolakala ukuthi ukudluliselwa kwezifo okuhlobene nokumpontshelwa noma ukusabela ngokumpontshelwa. Emazweni asathuthuka onikelayo ngezinye izikhathi ubuthwa ngokuqondile noma umamukeli, ngokuvamile eyilungu lomndeni, futhi umnikelo wenziwa ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba ampontshelwe.
Iyacubungula kanye Nokuhlola: Igazi elinikelwe ngokuvamile liyacutshungulwa ngemva kokuba seliqoqwe, ukuze lifanelekele ukusetshenziswa ezigulini ezithile. Igazi eliqoqiwe libe selihlukaniswa libe izingxenye zegazi ngokufaka i-centrifugation: amangqamuzana egazi abomvu, i-plasma, amaplatelet, amaprotheni e-albumin, i-cryoprecipitate, i-fibrinogen concentrate, ama-immunoglobulins (amasosha omzimba). Amaseli abomvu, i-plasma namaplatelet anganikelwa ngawodwana ngenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ebizwa ngokuthi i-apheresis.
- I-World Health Organization (WHO) itusa ukuba lonke igazi elinikelwe lihlolwe ukuze kutholakale izifo ezithathelwanayo. Lokhu kubandakanya i-HIV, i-Hepatitis B, i-Hepatitis C, i-Treponema pallidum (ugcunsula) futhi, lapho kufanele, nezinye izifo ezibeka engcupheni ukuphepha kokunikezwa kwegazi, njenge-Trypanosoma cruzi (isifo se-Chagas) kanye nezinhlobo ze-Plasmodium (umalaleveva). Ngokwe-WHO, amazwe angu-25 awakwazi ukuhlola lonke igazi elinikelwe ngegazi elilodwa noma ngaphezulu kwalokhu: I-HIV; I-Hepatitis B; I-Hepatitis C; noma i-syphilis. Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zalokhu ukuthi izinsiza zokuhlola azitholakali ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kwezifo ezithathelwana ngokumpontshelwa kuphezulu kakhulu emazweni aneholo eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe anemali engenayo ephakathi nendawo.
- Lonke igazi elinikelwe kufanele futhi lihlolelwe uhlelo lweqembu legazi le-ABO kanye nesistimu yeqembu legazi le-Rh ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isiguli sithola igazi elihambisanayo.
- Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwamanye amazwe imikhiqizo ye-platelet nayo ihlolelwa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ngenxa yokuthambekela kwayo okuphezulu ekungcoleni ngenxa yokugcinwa endaweni yezinga lokushisa. Ukuba khona kwe-Cytomegalovirus (CMV) kungase futhi kuhlolwe ngenxa yengozi kubamukeli abathile abangenawo amandla omzimba uma kunikezwa, njengalabo abafakelwa isitho somzimba noma i-HIV. Nokho, akulona lonke igazi elihlolelwa i-CMV ngoba inani elithile kuphela legazi elingenayo i-CMV elidinga ukuba litholakale ukuze linikeze izidingo zesiguli. Ngaphandle kwe-positivity ye-CMV, noma yimiphi imikhiqizo ehlolwe yathola izifo ayisetshenziswa.
- Ukunciphisa i-leukocyte ukususwa kwamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi ngokuhlunga. Imikhiqizo yegazi ene-leukoreduced mancane amathuba okuba ibangele i-HLA alloimmunization (ukwakhiwa kwamasosha omzimba ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezithile zegazi), ukusabela kokumpontshelwa kwe-febrile non-hemolytic, ukutheleleka kwe-cytomegalovirus, kanye nokungatholakali kwe-platelet-transfusion.
- Ukwelashwa Kokunciphisa I-Pathogen okubandakanya, isibonelo, ukungezwa kwe-riboflavin ngokuchayeka okulandelayo ekukhanyeni kwe-UV kuboniswe ukuthi kusebenza ngempumelelo ekuvimbeleni amagciwane (amagciwane, amabhaktheriya, ama-parasites namaseli amhlophe egazi) emikhiqizweni yegazi. Ngokwenza amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi angasebenzi emikhiqizweni yegazi enikelwe, ukwelashwa kwe-riboflavin nokukhanya kwe-UV kungaphinde kuthathele indawo i-gamma-irradiation njengendlela yokuvimbela isifo se-graft-versus-host (TA-GvHD).
