Umalaleveva

Umalaleveva isifo esinzima esithwalwa omiyane esibeka engcupheni enkulu impilo yomhlaba wonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo. Umalaleveva unomthelela kubantu ngabanye, emindenini nasemiphakathini, okubangela izimpawu kusukela kumkhuhlane omncane kuya ezinkingeni ezisongela ukuphila. Ukuqonda ukuthi uyini umalaleveva, izimpawu zawo, nokuthi ungawunqanda kanjani kubalulekile kuwo wonke umuntu, ikakhulukazi labo abahlala noma abavakashela ezindaweni ezisengozini enkulu.

Iyini Umalaleveva?

Umalaleveva isifo esithathelwanayo esisongela ukuphila. Kubangelwa yizilokazane ezidluliselwa emizimbeni yabantu ngokulunywa omiyane besifazane abanalesi sifo. Lesi sifo esibi sithinta izigidi emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo.

Izimpawu zikamalaleveva zivela ezinsukwini eziyi-10-15 ngemuva kokulunywa okuthelelanayo, eziqala ngemfiva, ikhanda elibuhlungu, namakhaza. Uma ingelashwa, umalaleveva we-P. falciparum ungadlulela ekuguleni okubi kakhulu phakathi namahora angu-24, okuholela ezinkingeni ezifana ne-anemia enzima, ukucindezeleka kokuphefumula, nomalaleveva wobuchopho.

Izinhlobo zikamalaleveva

Izinhlobo ezinhlanu ze-Plasmodium parasite zibanga umalaleveva kubantu, kanti i-P. falciparum ne-P. vivax ibeka ingozi enkulu kakhulu. I-P. falciparum iwuhlobo olubulalayo kakhulu futhi ivame kakhulu e-Afrika, kuyilapho i-P. vivax ibusa emazweni amaningi angaphandle kwe-sub-Saharan Africa.

I-Plasmodium ovale kanye ne-Plasmodium malariae inokusabalalisa okubanzi kodwa abangela izifo ezingandile. I-Plasmodium knowlesi iyigciwane labantu elisanda kutholakala futhi litholakala eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.

Uhlobo ngalunye lunezici ezihlukile, njengokusatshalaliswa kwendawo, ubunzima bezimpawu, nekhono lokuhlala ulele esibindini. Ukuqonda lezi zinhlobo zikamalaleveva kubalulekile ekuhlonzweni okusebenzayo, ukwelashwa, kanye namasu okuvikela emhlabeni wonke.

Izimpawu zikamalaleveva

Umalaleveva ngokuvamile ubonakala ngezimpawu ezinjengomkhuhlane, ngokuvamile ezinsukwini eziyi-10-15 ngemva kokulunywa umiyane othelelekile. Abanye abantu bangase babe nemijikelezo yezimpawu zikamalaleveva ngezikhathi ezingenazo izimpawu. Izimpawu zokuqala ezivame kakhulu yizi: 

• Fever
• bekhanda
• Ama-Chills
• Ukuphoqa
• Ukukhathala
• ubuhlungu besifuba
• Izinkinga zokuphuza
• Isikhukhula
• Uhudo
• I-nausea nokuhlanza

Njengoba lesi sifo siqhubeka, kungase kubangele i-anemia kanye ne-jaundice. Ifomu elinzima kakhulu, i-cerebral malaria, lingaholela ekukhomeni futhi libe nomthelela emazingeni okufa ezinganeni nakubantu abadala.

Izimbangela Zesifo sikamalaleveva

Umalaleveva uhlasela izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke futhi ubangelwa amagciwane ohlobo lwe-Plasmodium. Lezi zinambuzane zitheleleka kubantu ngokulunywa umiyane wesifazane okuthiwa i-Anopheles. Umjikelezo wokuphila kwegciwane likamalaleveva uhilela izidalwa ezimbili: abantu nomiyane. Uma umiyane onaleli gciwane uluma umuntu, ujova i-sporozoites egazini. Lezi sporozoites ziya esibindini, lapho zivuthwa futhi zande. Izimuncagazi zibe sezingena egazini, zithelele amangqamuzana egazi abomvu (RBCs) futhi zidale izimpawu zikamalaleveva. Amanye ama-parasites akhula abe ama-gametocyte, omiyane abangawadla ngesikhathi sokudla kwegazi, okuqhubekisela phambili umjikelezo. Ukuqonda lo mjikelezo wokuphila oyinkimbinkimbi kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuvimbela nokulawulwa okuphumelelayo kwamasu kamalaleveva.

Izingozi Zezingozi

Kunezici ezimbalwa ezinomthelela emathubeni okuthola umalaleveva, njenge:

• Ukuhlala noma ukuvakashela izindawo ezishisayo nezishisayo, ikakhulukazi iNingizimu naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, i-sub-Saharan Africa, neMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu, kubeka ubungozi obubaluleke kakhulu. Izinga lengozi lincike emizamweni yendawo yokulawula umalaleveva, izinguquko zesizini kumazinga kamalaleveva, nezinyathelo zomuntu siqu ezithathwayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulunywa omiyane. 
• Izingane ezincane, izinsana, abantu abadala asebekhulile, abahambi abavela ezindaweni okungezona umalaleveva, kanye nabesifazane abakhulelwe babhekene nengozi eyengeziwe yesifo esibi. 
• A umfazi okhulelwe angadlulisela umalaleveva enganeni yakhe engakazalwa (umalaleveva azalwa nawo).
• Izici zendawo ezungezile njengemvula, umswakama, izinga lokushisa, nokuphakama kunomthelela ekusakazeni kukamalaleveva. 
• Kuyaqabukela, ukumpontshelwa igazi elihlaselwe umalaleveva kudedela izimuncagazi ngokuqondile egazini lalowo owamukelayo, okubangela izinkinga ezinkulu zikamalaleveva.

Izinkinga

Umalaleveva unomthelela ezithweni ezahlukene, okuholela ezinkingeni ezinzima, okuhlanganisa:

• Umalaleveva wobuchopho, uhlobo oluvame kakhulu nolubulalayo, ungabangela ukuquleka, ukuquleka, nokulimala kwengqondo.
• Izinkinga zokuphefumula zingase ziphakame ngenxa ye-pulmonary edema, okwenza ukuphefumula kube nzima.
• Ukwehluleka kwezitho, ngokuvamile okuthinta izinso nesibindi, kubangela ingozi esongela ukuphila.
• I-anemia enzima ivame ukwenzeka, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezisezindaweni ezitholakala kakhulu.
• I-Hypoglycaemia kuyinkinga evamile, ngezinye izikhathi ekhuliswa ukwelashwa kwe-quinine.
• Umalaleveva ekukhulelweni ungaholela ekuzalweni okunesisindo esiphansi kanye nokubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
• Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezimuncagazi zikamalaleveva ezingase ziqhubeke iminyaka futhi ziphinde zibuye, okuvamise ukubangela izinhlobo ezingenamandla zikamalaleveva.
• Ezinye izinkinga zihlanganisa i-jaundice, i-acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, kanye nokusabalalisa kwe-intravascular coagulation. Lezi zinkinga zingakhula ngokushesha futhi zingase ziholele ekufeni phakathi namahora noma izinsuku uma zingelashwa.

Ukuxilonga Umalaleveva

Ukuxilonga ngokushesha umalaleveva kubalulekile ekulawuleni ngempumelelo kanye nokubhekwa okuqinile.

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi: Odokotela ngokuvamile basebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuze bahlole izimpawu zezinambuzane zikamalaleveva. Izinga legolide lokuxilongwa wukuhlolwa kwe-microscopic yamafilimu egazi. Le ndlela ihilela ukusabalalisa isampula yegazi kusilayidi, ukusigcoba, nokusihlola ngesibonakhulu. Ama-blood smear aminyene asiza ekutholeni ukuba khona kwezimuncagazi, kuyilapho ama-smear amancane esiza ekuboneni uhlobo oluthile lukamalaleveva.
• Ukuhlolwa Okusheshayo Okuxilonga (RDTs): Ama-RDT anikeza enye indlela esheshayo, enikeza imiphumela phakathi kwemizuzu eyi-15-30. Lokhu kuhlola kuthola ama-antigen athile kamalaleveva egazini. Kodwa-ke, ama-RDT angase angaziboni izifo zokuminyana okuphansi, ngakho i-microscopy isalokhu ibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe futhi kunqunywe ukuminyana kwezimuncagazi.

Ukwelapha Umalaleveva

Ukwelashwa kwesifo sikamalaleveva ngokuyinhloko kuncike ebukhulwini besifo, uhlobo oluthelelayo, nezindlela zokumelana nemithi. Ukwelashwa ngokushesha kubalulekile, ukulaliswa esibhedlela ngokuvamile kunconyelwa ezimweni ezinzima.

• Imithi Yokwelapha Esekwe I-Artemisinin (ACTs): I-ACTs iyindlela yokwelapha ekhethwayo yokwelapha umalaleveva we-falciparum ongaxakile, okuhlanganisa okuphuma kokuphuma kwe-artemisinin nomuthi wozakwethu. Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zinomthelela ekwehliseni i-parasite biomass ngokushesha kanye nokuqinisekisa amazinga aphezulu okwelapha.
• I-Chloroquine Phosphate: Ngezifo ezizwela i-chloroquine, i-chloroquine phosphate noma i-hydroxychloroquine ihlala isebenza kahle.

Ezimeni zikamalaleveva onzima, i-artesunate emithanjeni isiphenduke ukwelashwa okunconyiwe, okubonisa amazinga okufa aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-quinine.

Ukwelashwa kufanele kuhambisane nezinhlobo ezithile zePlasmodium kanye nesimo somtholampilo sesiguli ukuze kuqinisekiswe umphumela osebenza kahle kakhulu.

Uzoyibona Nini Udokotela

Ukufuna ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi kudokotela wakho kubalulekile lapho ubhekene nomalaleveva. Uma uba nomkhuhlane ngemva kokuvakashela noma ukuhlala endaweni esengozini enkulu umalaleveva, thintana nodokotela wakho ngokushesha. Umalaleveva unomthelela empilweni ngokushesha, okungase kuholele ezinkingeni ezinzima phakathi namahora noma izinsuku zezimpawu zokuqala. Kulabo abanezimpawu ezinzima, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okuphuthumayo kubalulekile.

Abesifazane abakhulelwe kufanele bakugweme ukuya ezindaweni ezithandwa umalaleveva ngenxa yokwanda kwezingozi. Ngisho noma ubuyile endaweni ewumqedazwe futhi waba nemfiva engachazeki kamuva, cabangela umalaleveva njengento engenzeka. Khumbula, ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa kubalulekile ukuze kuvinjwe ukutheleleka kukamalaleveva ukuthi kuqhubekele esigabeni esisongela ukuphila. Ungalibali ukufuna usizo, njengoba isinyathelo esisheshayo singenza umehluko omkhulu ekululameni.

Prevention

Ukuvimbela umalaleveva kunomthelela ekwehliseni umthwalo wawo womhlaba wonke.

Ukusebenzisa amanetha alashwe ngezibulali zinambuzane (ITNs) kusebenza kahle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezihlala njalo. La manetha akha isithiyo esingokomzimba namakhemikhali ngokumelene nomiyane, ehlisa ukugula kukamalaleveva namazinga okufa. Amanethi emithi ebulala izinambuzane ehlala isikhathi eside (LLINs) ehlise kakhulu izigameko zikamalaleveva. Ezinye izinyathelo zokuvimbela zihlanganisa:

• Ukufaka isixosha izinambuzane esiqukethe i-DEET esikhumbeni esisobala
• Gqoka izingubo ezinemikhono emide
• Sebenzisa izikrini emafasiteleni nasezicabheni 
• Odokotela ngokuvamile batusa imishanguzo yokulwa nomalaleveva kubahambi abaya ezindaweni ezivame kakhulu umalaleveva. Kubalulekile ukubonana nodokotela ngaphambi kohambo ukuze uthole isu elifaneleka kakhulu lokuvimbela.

Isiphetho

Umalaleveva uyingozi enkulu empilweni yomhlaba wonke, ethinta izigidi emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zikamalaleveva, ukuqaphela izimpawu zawo, nokwazi izici eziyingozi kuthinta ikhono lethu lokulwa nalesi sifo esibi ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuxilonga kusenesikhathi ngokwelashwa ngokushesha nangendlela efanele kubalulekile ukuze kuvinjwe izinkinga futhi kunciphise izinga lokufa.

Ukuvimbela kusalokhu kuyinkomba ebalulekile ekulweni nomalaleveva. Ukusebenzisa amanetha afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane, ukufaka izinto ezixosha izinambuzane, nokuthatha imithi elwa nomalaleveva efanele lapho uya ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu kubalulekile ukuze uzivikele. Imizamo yezempilo yomphakathi kanye nocwaningo oluqhubekayo luyaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekwehliseni umthwalo womhlaba wonke we-malaria. Ngokuhlala sinolwazi nangokuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanele, singaba neqhaza emzamweni womhlaba wonke wokulawula futhi ekugcineni siqede lesi sifo esisongela ukuphila.

FAQ sika

1. Ingabe umalaleveva ungelapheka?

Yebo, umalaleveva ungelapheka ngokwelashwa okufanele. Ukuxilongwa ngokushesha kanye nemithi efanele kubalulekile ukuze ululame ngokwanele. Imithi elwa nomalaleveva, njengemithi yokwelapha eyinhlanganisela esekwe ku-artemisinin, ingaqeda izimuncagazi emzimbeni.

2. Ingabe umalaleveva uyigciwane?

Cha, umalaleveva awulona igciwane. I-protozoa yohlobo lwe-Plasmodium, isakazwa ngokulunywa omiyane besifazane abanegciwane le-Anopheles.

3. Kuyini ukuhlolwa kwegazi likamalaleveva?

Izinga elisagolide lokuhlonza umalaleveva ukuhlola okungabonakali kwe-Giemsa-stained blood smear eliwugqinsi nelincane. Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kokuxilonga (RDTs) nakho kungathola ama-antigen kamalaleveva ngokushesha.

4. Ingabe umalaleveva ungalulama ngokwawo?

Nakuba abanye abantu bengase babe nezimpawu ezithambile, umalaleveva ngokuvamile udinga ukwelashwa okufanele ukuze ululame ngokugcwele futhi uvimbele izinkinga. Ukufuna usizo lwezokwelapha kubalulekile ekuphatheni ngempumelelo.

5. Ngabe umalaleveva uhlala izinsuku ezingaki?

Isikhathi sikamalaleveva siyahlukahluka futhi sincike ohlotsheni lwezinambuzane kanye nokwelashwa. Ngemithi efanele, izimpawu zingathuthuka phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa ukululama okuphelele kungase kuthathe amasonto amabili.

6. Yikuphi ukudla okufanele ukugweme umalaleveva?

Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kukamalaleveva, kuyatuseka ukuthi ugweme ukudla okunoshukela nokudla okugayiwe, ukudla okunamafutha amaningi nokuthosiwe, utshwala kanye ne-caffeine eyeqile. Lokhu kungathinta ukululama kanye nempilo yonke.

UDkt. Gandham Sneha

I-MBBS, DNB (Imithi Yangaphakathi)
CARE Hospitals Outpatient Centre, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad

Ukuze Ubhukhe Isikhathi, shayela:

+ 91 40-68106529

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