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Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cardiovascular disease worldwide. It develops when fatty deposits build up inside the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscles, narrowing them and reducing blood flow. In India, diagnoses are rising fast, driven by tobacco use, uncontrolled diabetes, high blood pressure, and poor diet. Ramkrishna CARE Hospitals, Raipur, offers full CAD evaluation and treatment ranging from non-invasive stress tests and CT (computed tomography) coronary scans to complex stenting and bypass surgery through a specialist heart team on call 24 hours a day.
CAD can cause no symptoms at all (more common in diabetics), or it can cause serious chest pain. The type of symptom depends on how badly the artery is narrowed and how stable the fatty deposit is:
CAD develops over many years. Damage to the artery wall starts the process, and lifestyle and medical factors speed it up. Damage to the thin artery lining (endothelial dysfunction) allows LDL (low-density lipoprotein - harmful cholesterol) to leak into the wall, where white blood cells engulf it and form foam cells that clump into fatty streaks and grow into plaques. Thin-capped plaques are unstable and can rupture, triggering a clot that blocks the artery within minutes. High blood pressure, diabetes, raised cholesterol, tobacco, obesity and chronic kidney disease all accelerate this process.
Diagnosis combines clinical assessment, non-invasive tests for ischaemia and imaging to see the arteries directly:
Treatment is based on symptom severity, how much heart muscle is at risk, and the pattern of artery narrowing:
Several factors raise the lifetime risk of developing CAD and many of them can be changed with treatment or lifestyle modification. They are:
Left untreated or poorly managed, CAD leads to serious complications caused by worsening blood flow and unstable plaques:
Ramkrishna CARE Hospitals, Raipur, brings together interventional cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, imaging specialists and rehabilitation physiotherapists to review complex cases at a weekly heart team meeting. Treadmill stress testing, stress echocardiography, CTCA with calcium scoring, and cardiac MRI are available in our hospital. The catheterisation laboratory runs 24 hours a day, achieving door-to-balloon times within 60 minutes for primary PCI, with same-day FFR and iFR assessment for planned procedures.
Complex PCI including left main intervention, bifurcation stenting, and rotational atherectomy, is guided by OCT imaging. CABG with donor artery grafting uses fast-track extubation to shorten hospital stays. Every patient after a revascularisation procedure is enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation and a secondary prevention programme, with regular cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar checks to reduce the risk of further events.
