Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)

Hyperglycaemia, commonly known as high blood sugar, is a medical condition that occurs when the body has too much glucose circulating in the bloodstream. It can result from various contributing factors, including poor food habits, lifestyle choices, underlying health conditions, and medication. Understanding hyperglycaemia is crucial for effective management and prevention of complications. 

What is High Blood Sugar (Hyperglycaemia)?

High blood sugar, or hyperglycaemia, refers to an excessive level of glucose in the blood. Glucose, the elementary energy source for the body's cells, is obtained from the consumed food. However, blood sugar levels rise when the body cannot effectively utilise or regulate glucose. This condition is commonly linked with diabetes, but various other factors, such as stress, illness, or certain medications. 

Symptoms of High Blood Sugar

Recognising the signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemia is essential for early prophylactic intervention and preventing the development of complications. Common high blood sugar symptoms include: 

• Frequent urination
• Increased thirst, even after drinking fluids
• Unexplained weight loss
• Dry mouth or discomfort in the mouth and throat
• Fatigue, even after getting enough rest
• Slow healing of wounds 
• Recurrent infections
• Difficulty in focusing or concentrating on chores
• Blurred or impaired vision 
• Some people with high blood sugar levels may develop a fruity or sweet-smelling breath odour (acetone breath).

These high blood sugar symptoms may vary in severity and depend on the individual and the severity of Hyperglycaemia.

Causes of High Blood Sugar

Various factors are responsible for high blood glucose concentration, including:

• Poor insulin production: In individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus, the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.
• Insulin resistance: In type 2 diabetes mellitus, the body becomes resistant to insulin's effects, resulting in inadequate glucose uptake by the cells.
• Medications: Certain medicines, such as corticosteroids and antipsychotics, can increase blood sugar levels as a side effect.
• Stress: During times of physical or emotional stress, the body releases stress hormones that can elevate blood sugar levels.
• Unhealthy lifestyle: Sedentary behaviour, a diet high in refined carbohydrates and sugars, and excessive alcohol consumption can contribute to Hyperglycaemia.

How Does High Blood Sugar Affect the Body?

One can experience side effects of high blood sugar on various organs and systems within the body. Some potential complications of uncontrolled hyperglycaemia include:

• Cardiovascular problems: High blood sugar can damage blood vessels, increasing the possibility of heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
• Nerve damage: Continuously high blood sugar levels can cause neuropathy, which leads to pain, numbness, and tingling in the extremities.
• Kidney damage: Hyperglycaemia can impair kidney function over time, potentially leading to kidney disease or failure.
• Eye problems: Uncontrolled blood sugar levels can harm the eyes' blood vessels, resulting in diabetic retinopathy, cataracts, or glaucoma.
• Compromised immune system: High blood sugar weakens the immune system, making people more susceptible to infections and slower wound healing.
• Pregnancy-related complications: High blood sugar levels during pregnancy (gestational diabetes) can increase the possibility of complications for both the mother and the baby, including preterm birth, preeclampsia, and higher birth weight (macrosomia).

Diagnosis

Diagnosing hyperglycaemia involves blood tests to measure fasting blood sugar levels, oral glucose tolerance tests, or glycated haemoglobin (A1C) tests. These diagnostic methods help determine the severity of hyperglycaemia and guide appropriate treatment strategies.

Treatment

If you are experiencing high blood sugar, several treatment strategies can help lower it: 

• Medication: Depending on hyperglycaemia's underlying cause and severity, doctors may prescribe medicines, such as insulin or oral antidiabetic drugs, to regulate blood sugar levels.
• Lifestyle alterations: Adopting a healthy lifestyle can help reduce blood sugar levels. It includes regular physical activity, a balanced diet low in refined carbohydrates and sugar, weight management, and stress reduction techniques.
• Blood sugar monitoring: Regularly tracking blood sugar levels enables individuals to monitor their progress and make necessary adjustments to their treatment plan.
• Portion Control: Monitoring portion sizes and spreading carbohydrate intake throughout the day can reduce blood sugar levels.
• Management of the underlying diseases: It is imperative to address underlying medical conditions and factors such as infection, medication, or hormone imbalances to manage hyperglycaemia effectively.

Prevention of High Blood Sugar

Prevention is key in managing hyperglycaemia. Some strategies to prevent high blood sugar include:

• Adhering to medication: Taking prescribed medications as directed by your doctor is crucial in maintaining blood sugar within a healthy range.
• Eating a balanced diet: Consuming a well–balanced diet that includes whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats can manage blood sugar levels.
• Regular exercise: Regular physical activity improves insulin sensitivity and helps maintain blood sugar levels.
• Stress management: Implementing stress reduction techniques, such as mindfulness meditation or yoga, can help prevent spikes in blood sugar levels.
• Hydration: Drinking plenty of water can flush out excess glucose through urine.
• Medication adjustment: Consult with a healthcare professional to determine if any adjustments to medication dosages are necessary.

When to Consult a Doctor

It is essential to seek immediate medical guidance if you experience persistent elevated blood sugar levels or if your symptoms worsen. A doctor can properly diagnose hyperglycaemia, offer personalised advice on managing it, and adjust treatment plans if needed.

Conclusion

Hyperglycaemia, or high blood sugar, is a serious condition that requires meticulous management to prevent complications. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and effective treatment strategies, people can take control of their blood sugar levels and lead healthier lives. Remember, prevention, adherence to treatment plans, and regular medical check-ups are key to managing hyperglycaemia effectively.

FAQs

1. What happens when blood sugar is too high?

When blood sugar is too high, it can develop various complications, such as cardiovascular problems, nerve damage, kidney damage, eye problems, and a compromised immune system.

2. What is considered high blood sugar?

High fasting blood sugar levels above 126 mg/dL or random blood sugar levels above 200 mg/dL are considered high blood sugar. However, these values may vary depending on individual circumstances.

3. How can I quickly lower my blood sugar? 

To quickly lower blood sugar levels, you can try drinking water, engaging in physical activity, managing portion sizes, and consulting with a relevant physician for potential medication adjustments.

4. Is 200 blood sugar normal after eating?

Blood sugar levels of more than 200 mg/dL after eating may indicate high blood sugar concentration. However, consulting with a doctor for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management strategies is essential.

5. What is the normal sugar level by age?

Normal blood sugar levels may vary and depend on age. Generally, fasting blood sugar levels between 70-100 mg/dL are considered normal for adults.

6. What should my blood sugar level be? 

Target blood sugar levels may vary and depend on individual circumstances, such as age, overall health, and the presence of any underlying conditions. It is best to consult a doctor to determine your specific target range.