Loss of Appetite

Loss of appetite is characterized by the absence of a feeling of hunger, accompanied by the desire to eat despite going several hours without food. There can be many reasons for the loss of appetite. It can happen suddenly or develop over a period of time. It can also be a side effect of medication or indicate mental health problems. With a proper diagnosis, loss of appetite can be treated.

What is a Loss of appetite?

Loss of appetite may be observed as the absence or decrease in the desire to eat. Sudden loss of appetite and feeling full may occur, or it may develop over a period of time. If it persists for more than a week, it may be a cause for concern.

What causes Loss of Appetite?

There can be numerous reasons contributing to the loss of appetite. In most cases, it may resolve on its own or with the help of a professional healthcare provider. Here are some possible loss of appetite causes.

Medical conditions

Patients may experience a decline in appetite due to certain medical conditions. These conditions may include:

• Kidney failure
• Hypothyroidism
• Chronic liver failure
• Hepatitis
• Heart failure
• Dementia
• HIV
• Tuberculosis
• Cancers
• Certain medicines

Pregnancy can also cause a loss of appetite, particularly in the first trimester.

Patients with cancer may also experience a loss of appetite, which can be attributed to certain treatments or if the cancer is concentrated in specific areas such as the stomach, ovaries, colon, or pancreas.

Bacterial or viral infection

Bacterial or viral infections may be one of the top reasons for loss of appetite. Loss of appetite can be caused by infections such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, meningitis, colitis, gastroenteritis, and others. With proper treatment, the loss of appetite can be resolved.

Medications

Certain illegal drugs and prescription medications can also cause loss of appetite. Antibiotics, codeine, morphine, or chemotherapy drugs are among the prescribed medications that may contribute to the loss of appetite.

Psychological causes

There may be psychological causes that can lead to a decreased appetite over time. Sometimes, elderly individuals may lose their appetite without a known cause. Loss of appetite can occur in individuals who are depressed, anxious, extremely sad, or grieving. Stress can also be a factor in causing loss of appetite.

People suffering from eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa may have an aversion to eating in general, which can gradually lead to a decreased appetite.

What are the signs & symptoms of a Loss of Appetite?

Loss of appetite symptoms may include:

• Having little to no interest in food
• Aversion towards food, even favorite dishes
• Missing meals
• Changes in weight, usually a noticeable decline

Loss of appetite may be accompanied by other signs and symptoms, such as:

• Fatigue
• Low mood
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Weakness in the muscles
• Constipation or diarrhea
• Changes in the skin, nails, or teeth

Diagnosis of Appetite

When visiting the doctor, they may ask for details regarding the symptoms, and any existing medical conditions the patient may have, and also check the patient's weight and height. The doctor may also inquire about any previously prescribed medications and the patient's dietary habits.

The doctor may recommend some tests, which could include:

• Abdominal ultrasound
• Complete blood count/ other blood tests
• Liver, kidney, and thyroid function tests
• Gastrointestinal tract examination with endoscopies
• CT scan of the head, chest, abdomen, or pelvis

In the case of pregnancy or HIV infection, specific tests may be performed to confirm these conditions.

Factors that affect Appetite

Various factors can influence one's appetite, and some common examples include:

• Diet: According to a 2017 study on the ketogenic (keto) diet, individuals often experience an initial increase in appetite when starting the diet. However, as they continue to lose weight and adhere to the diet for about three weeks, this heightened appetite tends to subside. The keto diet is characterized by high fat and low carbohydrate intake. Other studies suggest that including adequate protein in the diet can enhance feelings of fullness and satiety after meals, potentially helping regulate appetite.
• Mental Health: A person's emotional well-being plays a significant role in their appetite. Stress or grief may lead some individuals to consume more food as a coping mechanism, while others may experience a reduced appetite in response to these emotions. Mental health conditions like depression can either increase or decrease appetite, with some individuals using food as a form of reward. Eating disorders such as binge eating disorder can lead to excessive overeating, often followed by feelings of guilt and shame. On the other hand, anorexia nervosa, which involves severe food restriction, can diminish the desire to eat even when the body requires nourishment.
• Pregnancy: Appetite during pregnancy can be influenced by factors like nausea, constipation, and the physical pressure exerted on the stomach by a growing fetus. Some pregnant women may experience a decrease in appetite. Dietitians recommend strategies like consuming smaller, frequent meals, opting for energy-rich foods like fruit, nuts, and cheese, and preparing nutrient-dense smoothies to help boost appetite. Pregnancy can also trigger cravings, and cultural norms may influence the types of foods women desire during this time, potentially leading to overeating.
• Medication: Several medications have the potential to impact a person's appetite, and some may lead to weight gain. These medications include those used for blood pressure reduction (e.g., metoprolol), certain epilepsy drugs, specific diabetes medications, antipsychotics, steroid hormones like prednisone, and particular antidepressants such as paroxetine and sertraline. These medications can alter a person's appetite and eating habits.

How is a Loss of Appetite Treated?

The doctor may recommend certain medications to restore the appetite to normal. If the loss of appetite is caused by underlying conditions, appropriate loss of appetite treatment may be recommended, or the patient may be referred to other professionals specializing in the same field.

If the patient is experiencing mental health disorders or eating disorders, they may be advised to seek assistance from a mental health professional.

Medicine for Loss of Appetite

Medications for the treatment of loss of appetite may be prescribed by the attending doctor. These medications may be targeted toward addressing specific concerns that could be causing the symptoms of loss of appetite. In some cases, these medications may help restore appetite levels to normal.

How to boost appetite

When a person's low appetite is a result of an underlying medical condition, addressing that condition can potentially lead to an improvement in their appetite. 

• Opting for visually and aromatically appealing foods.
• Enhancing flavor with aromatic spices and herbs.
• Creating an enjoyable mealtime ambiance through music and appealing food presentation.
• Consuming smaller, frequent meals throughout the day.
• Maintaining consistent meal schedules.
• Planning meals in advance.
• Staying well-hydrated.

Considering that lifestyle factors such as sleep, physical activity, and stress also impact appetite:

• Ensuring an adequate amount of rest.
• Engaging in regular physical exercise.
• Using nausea-reducing medications when appropriate.

When to see a doctor

If weight loss occurs rapidly after noticing a decrease in appetite, it is important to seek medical advice. If loss of appetite is associated with depression, alcohol use, or eating disorders, medical attention should be sought. Patients experiencing depression and anxiety may also benefit from seeking medical advice in the case of appetite loss.

Loss of Appetite treatment at home

Trying home remedies for loss of appetite may be effective when the cause is non-medical related. Here are some home remedies for managing loss of appetite:

• Trying to eat favorite home-cooked meals.
• Going out to eat with friends or family.
• Focusing on consuming one meal per day that contains all the essential nutrients required by the body.
• Alternatively, eating small, light meals spread throughout the day may be helpful.
• Engaging in light but regular exercise may help stimulate appetite.
• Drinking protein-rich health drinks like almond milkshakes are recommended 

FAQs

1. Is loss of appetite due to anxiety or depression? 

Anxiety, depression, and stress are among some sudden loss of appetite causes. It can occur gradually or suddenly. Seeking professional help to manage symptoms can assist in dealing with the loss of appetite.

2. What should I do if I have no appetite? 

Trying some home remedies for loss of appetite may be helpful. If the condition does not improve within a week, it is advisable to seek medical advice.

3. How long can a lack of appetite last? 

A decreased appetite can last for a few hours to several days. Short periods of appetite loss may not be concerning, but experiencing a prolonged lack of appetite can indicate underlying health issues.