Skin Discolouration 

Skin discolouration refers to darker or lighter markings on the skin. An increase or reduction in melanin can occasionally cause uneven pigmentation, resulting in skin discolouration. The more melanin present, the darker the skin appears. Conversely, less melanin results in lighter skin. Discoloured skin can be distinguished by comparing it to other areas of the skin. It may appear red, blue, grey, or be darker, paler, or an entirely different colour. If there is excessive skin discolouration, it is important to consult a doctor.

Signs and Symptoms of Skin Discolouration

The signs and symptoms of skin discolouration depend on the cause. Some of the common signs and symptoms include:

• Brown or grey patches on the skin
• Hyperpigmentation
• Hypopigmentation
• Blistering
• Swelling
• Inflammation
• Peeling skin
• Red, white, and charred skin
• Complete loss of skin pigment
• Itching and discomfort of the skin
• Loss of colour in the outline of the nose

What causes Skin Discolouration?

There are several potential causes of skin discolouration, which can range from minor to severe. These may include:

• Birthmarks: These are small spots or marks (moles, dermal melanocytosis, strawberry nevus, etc.) present on the skin since birth, which can cause skin discolouration.
• Pigmentation Disorders: Conditions such as melasma, albinism, and vitiligo can lead to skin discolouration.
• Infections: Discolouration can also be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.
• Skin Cancer: When skin cells become damaged or malignant, patients may notice changes in skin colour.
• Allergies: Allergies can also contribute to skin discolouration by causing conditions such as eczema and hives.
• Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions such as psoriasis, rosacea, Addison’s disease, scleroderma, and Graves’s disease can result in skin discolouration.

How are discoloured skin patches diagnosed?

As soon as a patient experiences any changes in skin colour, notices new mole growth, or develops any other skin condition such as inflammation or pain, they should visit a doctor for further diagnosis. Diagnosis plays a crucial role in the treatment of skin discolouration as it provides a clear understanding of the condition and its underlying cause.

Initially, the doctor will discuss the changes in skin colour and inquire about any accompanying symptoms. Based on the answers, they may prescribe certain diagnostic tests to evaluate the condition. The following are some tests that a doctor might prescribe:

• Blood Tests: These are conducted to check for underlying conditions that may be causing skin discolouration.
• Wood's Lamp Examination: This examination helps identify possible bacterial or fungal infections.
• Skin Biopsy: A small sample of the skin is taken and tested for the presence of any abnormal cells.

Complications of Skin Discoloration

​​Skin discoloration, or changes in skin color, can be associated with various underlying conditions. While many instances of skin discoloration are harmless, some may be indicative of more serious health issues. Complications can arise depending on the cause and nature of the discoloration. Here are some potential complications:

• Underlying Medical Conditions: Skin discoloration may be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, such as liver disease, kidney disorders, autoimmune diseases, or vascular problems. Addressing the root cause of the discoloration is crucial for overall health.
• Delayed Diagnosis and Treatment: If skin discoloration is a symptom of a more significant health issue, a delay in diagnosis and treatment could lead to complications related to the untreated underlying condition.
• Psychosocial Impact: Visible changes in skin color may affect a person's self-esteem and mental well-being. Skin discoloration can lead to self-consciousness, anxiety, or depression, especially if it is prominent or persistent.
• Skin Cancer Risk: In some cases, changes in skin color can be associated with skin cancer, such as melanoma. Early detection and treatment are crucial in managing skin cancer and preventing its progression.
• Infection Risk: Skin discoloration may be accompanied by changes in skin texture, such as redness or inflammation, increasing the risk of infections. It's important to monitor for signs of infection and seek medical attention if present.
• Complications from Treatment: Some treatments for skin discoloration, such as certain medications or cosmetic procedures, may have side effects or complications. It's essential to discuss potential risks with a healthcare provider before undergoing any treatment.
• Chronic Skin Conditions: Skin discoloration can be associated with chronic skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis. These conditions may require ongoing management and can impact a person's quality of life.
• Vascular Issues: Skin discoloration may indicate problems with blood vessels, such as poor circulation or vascular diseases. Complications may include venous ulcers, blood clots, or other vascular-related issues.

How is Skin Discolouration treated?

Depending on the findings of the diagnostic tests, the doctor will create a treatment plan for skin discolouration. Initially, a dermatologist will attempt to treat the underlying cause of the skin discolouration. Proper medications must be used to address discolouration caused by infection. For example, doctors may prescribe antibiotics to cure bacterial infections, while antifungal drugs can be used to treat infections caused by fungus. Below are the most commonly used treatment methods for skin discolouration:

• Laser therapy: Intense pulsed light devices and Q-switching lasers are frequently employed to lighten darkened areas of the skin.
• Topical creams: Topical hydroquinone and prescription retinol (vitamin A) creams can help reduce the appearance of dark spots on the skin.
• Chemical peels: Chemical peels containing salicylic acid and glycolic acid can remove the discoloured outer layer of the skin.

A dermatologist may prescribe over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription topical therapies to reduce the appearance of discoloured skin. Patients with hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation can also seek medical attention for cosmetic purposes. Professional procedures like chemical peels or microdermabrasion can be used to diminish hyperpigmentation. Additionally, various treatment plans are available for hypopigmentation, such as phototherapy and laser skin resurfacing.

It is crucial to consult a doctor before attempting any oral or topical medication to reduce skin discolouration. The doctor will always begin with a proper diagnosis, so it is advisable to consult a dermatologist as the first step for a safe approach.

When to see a doctor?

If there is a loss of colour in some areas of the skin, hair, or mucous membranes, it is important to consult a doctor. With the advancements in technology and the availability of high-end tools and techniques, skin discolouration can be effectively treated when addressed promptly. Conditions such as sun spots and melasma are often treated using cosmetic procedures. However, conditions like vitiligo and birthmarks require proper medical attention, as birthmarks can also indicate cancer. After diagnosis, moles or bumps on the skin are surgically removed to prevent further damage. Therapies and treatments are available that may help slow down or halt the discolouration process and aid the skin in regaining some of its colours.

How to prevent Skin Discolouration?

A person cannot stop skin discolouration, but they can prevent it in several ways. Some of them are as follows:

• Slather on SPF (Sun Protection Formula). A broad spectrum SPF over 30 with PA+++ is the best choice for someone who spends time outdoors. This will help minimise discolouration caused by sunburns.
• Avoid exposing too much skin to the sun. Wear loose clothes with full sleeves and carry a hat or umbrella to ensure complete sun protection. Additionally, plan outdoor activities after 3 or 4 PM when the sun is about to set. This is because between 10 AM and 3 PM, the sun is very bright, and the danger of UV rays is high.
• Be the mysterious person at the pool or beachside. Cover up and apply SPF every 2-3 hours. Remember, the more, the better. Also, remember to drink plenty of water and moisturise your skin.
• Check with a doctor in case of any discoloured patches on the skin. They might suggest some active ingredients to treat the condition.
• Apply aloe vera gel if the discolouration is due to sunburn. This will help calm the area if there is too much irritation or inflammation.

Skin Pigmentation Disorders and Home Remedies 

Skin pigmentation disorders, such as hyperpigmentation (darkening of the skin) or hypopigmentation (lightening of the skin), can be caused by various factors, including sun exposure, hormonal changes, genetics, inflammation, and certain medical conditions. While home remedies may help improve the appearance of pigmentation disorders, it's essential to consult a dermatologist for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan. Here are some home remedies that may help:

• Sun Protection: Protect your skin from harmful UV rays by wearing sunscreen with a high SPF daily, even on cloudy days. Also, wear protective clothing, such as wide-brimmed hats and long sleeves, when outdoors.
• Topical Treatments:
  • Lemon Juice: Lemon juice contains citric acid, which may help lighten dark spots. Apply freshly squeezed lemon juice to the affected areas using a cotton ball and leave it on for 10-15 minutes before rinsing off.
  • Apple Cider Vinegar: Dilute apple cider vinegar with water and apply it to pigmented areas using a cotton ball. Leave it on for a few minutes before rinsing off. Repeat daily or as needed.
  • Aloe Vera: Apply fresh aloe vera gel to pigmented areas and leave it on for 20-30 minutes before rinsing off. Aloe vera may help soothe the skin and promote healing.
  • Turmeric: Mix turmeric powder with honey or yogurt to make a paste and apply it to pigmented areas. Leave it on for 20-30 minutes before rinsing off. Turmeric has anti-inflammatory and skin-lightening properties.
  • Milk: Soak a cotton ball in milk and apply it to pigmented areas. Leave it on for 10-15 minutes before rinsing off. Milk contains lactic acid, which may help exfoliate the skin and lighten dark spots.
• Exfoliation: Regular exfoliation can help remove dead skin cells and promote cell turnover, leading to brighter, more even-toned skin. You can use gentle exfoliating scrubs or chemical exfoliants containing alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) or beta hydroxy acids (BHAs).
• Healthy Diet: Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, which provide essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that support skin health. Foods high in vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene may be particularly beneficial for skin pigmentation.
• Hydration: Drink plenty of water to keep your skin hydrated and promote overall skin health. Proper hydration can help maintain skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of pigmentation disorders.
• Stress Management: Chronic stress can exacerbate skin conditions, including pigmentation disorders. Practice stress-reducing techniques such as mindfulness, meditation, deep breathing exercises, or yoga to help manage stress levels.

Conclusion

Skin discolouration must not be taken for granted, as it can be the start of something malignant. Therefore, it is advisable to see a doctor as soon as any changes in the skin occur, even if they are not painful. At CARE Hospitals, we prioritise the treatment of every condition. Our skin doctors will diagnose and evaluate the condition before recommending any treatment.

FAQs

1. Can discolouration be cured? 

There are several ways in which skin discolouration can be treated. Some common methods include topical creams, laser therapy, light therapy, cosmetic surgery, and more.

2. Can skin discolouration return to normal? 

If burns or other injuries cause skin discolouration, the affected skin area may become hyperpigmented or hypopigmented. These changes are often temporary but may take several days to improve.

3. Is skin discolouration a disease? 

Not all cases of skin discolouration are considered diseases. However, conditions such as vitiligo, psoriasis, melasma, and others are classified as diseases. On the other hand, freckles are not considered a disease.

4. Will skin discoloration from eczema go away?

Skin discoloration from eczema may fade over time, especially with proper treatment and management of eczema symptoms. However, it can take weeks to months for the skin to return to its normal color. Consistently moisturizing the affected area, using prescribed medications as directed by a dermatologist, and avoiding triggers can help improve eczema-related discoloration.

5. Why do I get skin discoloration when in the sun?

Exposure to sunlight can lead to skin discoloration due to increased production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. Sun exposure triggers melanocytes to produce more melanin, resulting in tanning or darkening of the skin. However, excessive sun exposure can also cause uneven pigmentation, leading to conditions like sunspots, melasma, or sunburn, which manifest as skin discoloration.

6. Can skin discoloration be cancer?

Skin discoloration can sometimes be a sign of skin cancer, particularly if it appears as irregularly shaped, asymmetrical, or changing in size, color, or texture. Skin cancers such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma can present with pigmented lesions or dark spots on the skin. It's essential to monitor any changes in skin discoloration and seek prompt evaluation by a dermatologist if you notice any concerning signs.

7. Why do I get skin discoloration with itching?

Skin discoloration accompanied by itching can be indicative of various skin conditions, including eczema, allergic reactions, insect bites, or fungal infections. Itching can lead to scratching, which may cause trauma to the skin, inflammation, and changes in pigmentation. Additionally, certain skin disorders like psoriasis or lichen planus can cause both itching and skin discoloration. It's important to identify the underlying cause of itching and skin discoloration to determine the appropriate treatment approach. Consulting a dermatologist for evaluation and diagnosis is recommended.