I-leukemia

Ukwelashwa Okungcono Kakhulu Kwe-Leukemia e-Hyderabad, India

I-leukemia yigama elisetshenziselwa umdlavuza wezicubu zomzimba ezakha igazi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umnkantsha kanye nesistimu ye-lymphatic. Umdlavuza ukukhula okungavamile kwamaseli atholakala noma kuphi emzimbeni. Esimeni se-leukemia, lokhu kukhula okusheshayo kwamangqamuzana angavamile kwenzeka emnkantsheni. 

Umnkantsha yizicubu ezithambile, ezinezipontshi ezitholakala phakathi nendawo emathanjeni. Amaseli egazi akhiqizwa emnkantsheni. Lamangqamuzana egazi asiza ekusebenzeni kahle kwemizimba yethu. Amangqamuzana abomvu egazi athwala umoya-mpilo kanye nawo wonke amanye amaminerali abalulekile ezicutshini nasezithweni zomzimba, kuyilapho amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi esiza ukulwa naleli gciwane. Ama-platelet, ngakolunye uhlangothi, asiza ekugcineni amahlule egazi. 

Ezinye izinhlobo ze-leukemia zivame ukutholakala ezinganeni, kuyilapho zikhona ezinye izinhlobo ezitholakala nakwabantu abadala. I-leukemia ngokuvamile ihlanganisa amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, enza umsebenzi wokulwa nezifo noma imizimba yangaphandle. Endabeni ye-leukemia, umnkantsha ukhiqiza amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe ngokweqile angajwayelekile futhi angasebenzi ngendlela efanele. 

Iqala kanjani i-leukemia?

Isigaba sokuqala sawo wonke amangqamuzana egazi yi-hematopoietic stem cell. Lawa ma-stem cells enza izinguquko eziningi ngaphambi kokuthatha ifomu lomuntu omdala.

Endabeni yomuntu ophile kahle, uhlobo lwabantu abadala lala maseli kungaba amaseli e-Myeloid, akhula kumangqamuzana egazi abomvu, ama-platelet nakwezinye izindawo zamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, namaseli e-Lymphoid athatha isimo sezinhlobo ezithile zamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi. 

Kodwa-ke, abantu abatholakala benomdlavuza wegazi bazoba nesimo lapho elinye lamangqamuzana egazi lizoqala ukuphindaphindeka ngokushesha. Lokhu kukhula okunamandla kwamaseli angajwayelekile noma amangqamuzana egazi leukemia kuthatha indawo yawo ngaphakathi komnkantsha. Lokhu kukhula kungazelelwe kwamaseli angajwayelekile akubambi iqhaza ekusebenzeni komzimba. Ngenxa yokuthi athatha indawo ehlala amangqamuzana avamile, lawo akamuva ayaphoqeleka ukuba akhishelwe emgudwini wegazi ukuze kuvuleke indlela yamangqamuzana abangela umdlavuza. Ngenxa yalokhu, izitho zomzimba ngeke zithole umoya-mpilo owanele odingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kwezitho zomzimba, futhi amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi azolahlekelwa amandla awo okulwa nezifo. 

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zeLeukemia

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu ze-Leukemia ezincike ekutheni lesi sifo sikhula ngokushesha kangakanani: 

• I-Acute Leukemia

Lena i-leukemia enamandla kakhulu, lapho amangqamuzana angavamile ehlukana futhi asakazeke ngezinga elishaqisayo. Lona umdlavuza wezingane ovame kakhulu.

• I-Chronic Leukemia

I-leukemia engapheli ingaba namaseli angakavuthwa navuthiwe. I-leukemia engapheli ayinalo ulaka uma iqhathaniswa ne-acute leukemia. Lokhu kuba kubi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi izimpawu zingase zingabonakali iminyaka eminingi. Abantu abadala bathambekele kakhulu ku-leukemia engapheli kunezingane. 

Izinhlobo ze-leukemia ezisekelwe ohlotsheni lwamaseli yilezi: 

• I-Myelogenous/Myeloid Leukemia

Lolu hlobo lwe-leukemia luvela kumugqa weseli we-myeloid. 

• I-Lymphocytic Leukemia

Lezi zakha emgqeni weseli ye-lymphoid. 

Izimpawu

• Fever
• Ama-Chills
• Ubuhlungu be-Bone
• Ukwehla kwesisindo kungazelelwe
• Ukukhathala
• Izimbali ezivuvukala ze-lymph
• Isibindi esinwetshiwe noma ubende
• Ukujuluka ngokweqile
• Amabala abomvu abonakala esikhumbeni
• Ukopha kalula noma imihuzuko

Izinkinga ze-leukemia

Imbangela eqondile ye-acute leukemia ihlala ingaqiniseki, kodwa izici ezithile zingaphakamisa ubungozi kwabanye abantu, okuhlanganisa:

• Ukuchayeka emazingeni aphezulu emisebe
• Ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali athile, njenge-benzene
• Ukutheleleka ngamagciwane afana ne-Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV).
• Ezimweni ezingavamile ze-myeloid leukemia, iningi labantu line-chromosome engavamile eyaziwa ngokuthi i-chromosome yase-Philadelphia. Ukwengeza, ukuchayeka emazingeni aphakeme emisebe kuhlotshaniswa nalesi simo.

Izici Zobungozi ZeLeukemia

• Ukuphazamiseka kwezakhi zofuzo kudlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni i-leukemia.
• Ukubhema kakhulu kungandisa ingozi ye-acute myelogenous leukemia.
• Ukuchayeka kakhulu kumakhemikhali athile, njenge-benzene, atholakala embonini kaphethiloli namakhemikhali, kungandisa usongo lokuthola i-leukemia. 
• Umlando womndeni we-leukemia nawo unganezela engozini. 

Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ezimweni eziningi akukho neyodwa yalezi zici engase isebenze. Izizathu zamacala anjalo azikaziwa. 

Ukuxilongwa kwe-Leukemia

• Ukuhlolwa komzimba kwenziwa lapho odokotela bebheka noma yiziphi izimpawu ezibonakalayo ze-leukemia. Lezi zimpawu zingabandakanya ukuphaphatheka ngenxa ye-anemia, ukuvuvukala kwama-lymph nodes, nokwanda kwesibindi nobende.
• Enye indlela yokuxilongwa ukuqoqa amasampula egazi. Ucwaningo lwaleli sampula legazi luzosiza udokotela ukuthi abone izinga elingavamile lamangqamuzana egazi abomvu noma amhlophe noma ama-platelet. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kungasiza futhi ekuxilongeni ukuba khona kwanoma yimaphi amangqamuzana e-leukemia akhona. 
• Okunye ukuhlolwa okwenziwa wukuhlolwa komnkantsha, okuqoqwa enqulwini. Lokhu kukhishwa ngosizo lwenaliti ende, ezacile, bese ithunyelwa elabhorethri ukuze ihlolwe. 

Nokho, akuzona zonke izinhlobo ze-leukemia ezijikeleza egazini. Iningi lazo lisuka emnkantsheni. 

Ukwelashwa Kwe-Leukemia

Ngokuya ngeminyaka, impilo yonke, uhlobo lwe-leukemia nokuthi ingabe isisakazekele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, udokotela uzophakamisa ukwelashwa okuzoba nemiphumela ephumelela kakhulu. Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zihlanganisa:

• I-Chemotherapy iyindlela ejwayelekile yokwelapha i-leukemia. Lokhu kwelashwa kusebenzisa izidakamizwa ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Kuye ngohlobo lwe-leukemia, odokotela banganikeza umuthi owodwa noma inhlanganisela yemithi. 
• Enye indlela esetshenziswayo wukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa okuhlosiwe. Imithi inqunywe, igxile ekuziphatheni okuthile kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza. Le mithi ihloselwe ukubulala ukukhula kwala maseli omdlavuza. Lokhu kwelashwa kunqunywa kuphela ngemva kokuhlolwa ukuthi kuzosebenza ohlotsheni lwe-leukemia isiguli esitholakala sinalo. 
• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe ngenye indlela yokwelapha esetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-leukemia. Ama-x-ray noma ama-proton anamandla aphezulu asetshenziselwa ukulimaza amaseli e-leukemia futhi amise ukukhula kwawo. 
• Enye indlela yokwelapha ephumelelayo esetshenziswayo ukufakelwa komnkantsha wamathambo noma ukufakelwa kwe-stem cell. Lena inqubo lapho ama-stem cells anempilo ebuyiselwa khona ngokususa umnkantsha ongenampilo ngamaseli angenayo i-leukemia ukuze kwandiswe ukukhula komnkantsha onempilo. 
• I-Immunotherapy nayo iyindlela ephumelelayo yokwelapha i-leukemia. Lena inqubo lapho amasosha omzimba esiguli eqiniswa khona ukuze alwe namaseli omdlavuza.