I-Cancer Cancer

Ukwelashwa Okungcono Kakhulu Komdlavuza Wesikhumba e-Hyderabad, India

Umdlavuza wesikhumba kwenzeka lapho amangqamuzana esikhumba ekhula ngendlela engavamile. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenzeka ezingxenyeni zesikhumba ezichayeke kakhulu elangeni. Lolu uhlobo oluvamile lomdlavuza. Lolu hlobo lomdlavuza lungenzeka nasezingxenyeni zesikhumba ngokuvamile ezingachayeka elangeni. Lokhu kukhula kwamangqamuzana okungavamile kunomkhuba wokusabalala kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye omdlavuza wesikhumba kwenzeka ezingxenyeni zesikhumba ezichayeke elangeni ngenxa yokuchayeka emisebeni eyingozi ye-ultraviolet. Ngenxa yokuncipha kongqimba lwe-ozone, ukushuba kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet kuye kwanda ngenxa yokuthi ukuchayeka elangeni sekuyingozi kakhulu. Abantu abanesikhumba esikhanyayo ngokuvamile basengozini enkulu yokuthintwa yile misebe ye-ultraviolet.

Izinhlobo Zomdlavuza Wesikhumba

Umdlavuza wesikhumba uhlukaniswe waba izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko. Le mikhakha imi kanje:-

I-Basal Cell Carcinoma- Amaseli e-T Basal awuhlobo lweseli elikhona esikhumbeni. Umsebenzi walezi zinhlobo zamaseli ukukhiqiza amaseli amasha athatha indawo yamaseli afile amadala. Ngakho-ke umdlavuza wesikhumba we-basal uqala kulawa maseli ayisisekelo. 

Ukubonakala kwe-basal cell carcinoma esikhumbeni ngokuvamile kubonakala njengeqhubu esikhumbeni elisobala kancane ngokwemvelo. Lokhu kungase kuthathe nezinye izinhlobo ngezinye izikhathi. I-basal cell carcinoma ibonakala kakhulu ezingxenyeni zesikhumba ezivame ukuchayeka elangeni. Lezi zindawo zihlanganisa ubuso, ikhanda, nentamo. 

Isizathu esivame kakhulu se-basal cell carcinomas sithathwa njengokuchayeka isikhathi eside emisebeni ye-ultraviolet evela ekukhanyeni kwelanga. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokugwema ukuthintwa i-basal cell carcinoma ukugwema ilanga kanye/noma ukusebenzisa i-sunscreen ezingxenyeni zesikhumba ezithola ukuchayeka kakhulu elangeni. 

I-squamous Cell Carcinoma-Amaseli e-squamous akha izingqimba zangaphandle nezimaphakathi zesikhumba. Uhlobo oluvamile lomdlavuza olwenzeka kulawa maseli ane-squamous yi-squamous cell carcinoma yesikhumba.  

Lolu hlobo lomdlavuza, okungukuthi, i-squamous cell carcinoma ngokuvamile akuwona umdlavuza osongela ukuphila. Noma kunjalo, lolu hlobo lomdlavuza lungaba nolaka. Uma i-squamous cell carcinoma ihlala ingelashiwe, umdlavuza ungaqhubeka ukhula ube mkhulu futhi ube nolaka. Umdlavuza ungasakazekela nakwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Lokhu kamuva kungaba yimbangela yezinkinga zempilo eziningana. 

Imibhede yokushukwa, izibani, nokukhanya kwelanga kukhipha imisebe ye-ultraviolet kakhulu. Lapho amangqamuzana e-squamous ethola ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kule misebe ye-ultraviolet, i-squamous cell carcinoma inethuba lokukhula. Ingozi yokuthuthukisa i-squamous cell carcinomas ingancishiswa uma kuvezwe emisebeni ye-UV eqondile ingagwenywa. Ingozi yokuthola ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza wesikhumba nayo ingagwenywa uma isikhumba singavezwa emisebeni ye-UV isikhathi eside.

Amaseli e-squamous atholakala kakhulu cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba wakho. Ngakho-ke, i-squamous cell carcinoma ingenzeka noma kuphi lapho kukhona khona ama-squamous cell. 

I-Melanoma- I-melanoma wuhlobo lomdlavuza wesikhumba oyingozi kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lomdlavuza wesikhumba luqala kuma-melanocyte. Ama-melanocyte amangqamuzana ahlotshaniswa nokukhiqizwa kwe-melanin. I-Melanin i-pigment eyenza isikhumba sibe nombala. I-melanoma ngokuvamile ivela esikhumbeni kodwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi ingase yakhelwe emehlweni akho. Futhi kuyaqabukela, i-melanoma ibe nethuba lokukhula ngaphakathi emzimbeni wakho njengasemphinjeni noma emakhaleni akho. Kuze kube manje, asikho isizathu esiqinile sokuvela kwe-melanoma. Kukholakala ukuthi i-melanoma ingenzeka ngenxa yokuchayeka isikhathi eside emisebeni ye-ultraviolet (UV). Le misebe ingavela elangeni, emibhedeni yokushuka noma amalambu okushuka. Ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokuba ne-melanoma, ukuchayeka emisebeni ye-UV kufanele kulinganiselwe. 

Kubantu abaneminyaka engaphansi kuka-40, ingozi ye-melanoma iyanda. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane. Uma uzazi izimpawu eziyisixwayiso zomdlavuza wesikhumba, kuzokusiza wenze isiqiniseko sokuthi izinguquko zomdlavuza esikhumbeni sakho ziyabonakala. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuthi welashwe ngaphambi kokuthi umdlavuza uqale ukusabalala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomzimba wakho. Nakuba i-melanoma iwuhlobo oluyingozi lomdlavuza wesikhumba, ingelapheka ngendlela efanele uma isheshe yabonakala. 

Izimbangela Zomdlavuza Wesikhumba

Isici esiyinhloko esibangela umdlavuza wesikhumba ukuchayeka kakhulu elangeni, ikakhulukazi ezimeni zokushiswa yilanga namabhamuza. I-DNA esikhumbeni yonakaliswa imisebe yelanga ye-UV, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwamangqamuzana angavamile. Lawa maseli angajwayelekile ahlukana ngendlela engalawuleki, akhe iqoqo lamaseli omdlavuza.

Izimpawu Zesimo

Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zomdlavuza wesikhumba, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpawu. Ezinye zezimpawu zihlanganisa izilonda esikhumbeni, isikhumba esingapholi, ukuguquguquka kwesikhumba, izinguquko kuma-moles avele akhona (ngokwesibonelo imiphetho emangelengele kuma-moles akho angaphambilini, ukukhuliswa kwemvukuzane, ukushintsha kombala wemvukuzane, umuzwa wemvukuzane noma ukopha kwemvukuzane). Ngaphandle kwalezi zinguquko, kunezinye izimpawu ezivamile zomdlavuza wesikhumba njengokukhula kwezilonda ezibuhlungu. Lezi zilonda zingaluma futhi zingasha. Ezinye izimpawu zomdlavuza wesikhumba zihlanganisa amachashaza amnyama noma amachashaza amakhulu ansundu.

Izimpawu zezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza wesikhumba;

Umdlavuza wesikhumba weBasal-cell- Umdlavuza wesikhumba obizwa nangokuthi i-BCC, ukhombisa izimpawu ngesimo seqhubu elibushelelezi, eliphakanyisiwe elibukeka njengepheya. Lawa maqhubu avela esikhumbeni sentamo, somzimba, ekhanda, nasemahlombe abekwe elangeni. Kwesinye isikhathi i-telangiectasia, okungamangqamuzana egazi amancane, ingabonwa ngaphakathi kwesimila. Enkabeni yesimila, uqweqwe kanye nokopha kuvela kaningi. Ngezinye izikhathi imithambo yegazi emincane (ebizwa ngokuthi i-telangiectasia) ingabonakala ngaphakathi kwethumba. Kwesinye isikhathi, lezi zimpawu zinephutha njengezilonda ezingapholi. Lolu wuhlobo lomdlavuza wesikhumba obulala kakhulu. Ingaqedwa kalula ngokwelashwa okufanele. Lokhu akushiyi ngisho nezibazi ezinkulu ngokuvamile. 

Umdlavuza wesikhumba we-squamous-cell- Uphawu oluyinhloko kanye nophawu lomdlavuza we-squamous cell, ovame ukwaziwa ngokuthi i-SCC, ngokuyisisekelo ibala elibomvu, eliwugqinsi esikhumbeni elichayeka elangeni. Umdlavuza wesikhumba we-squamous-cell (SCC) uvamise ukuba bomvu, ukukala, isiqephu esijiyile esikhumbeni esichayeke elangeni. Amanye ama-nodule aqinile, aqinile, futhi amise okwedome njenge-keratoacanthomas. Ukopha kanye Nezilonda kunethuba lokwenzeka. Uma i-squamous cell carcinoma ishiywe ingelashiwe, ingase ikhule ibe yinqwaba enkulu. Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lomdlavuza wesikhumba. Iyingozi kakhulu kune-basal cell carcinoma kodwa incane kakhulu kune-melanoma. 

I-Melanoma- I-melanoma, isikhathi esiningi, ihlanganisa imibala eminingana esuka kumthunzi onsundu kuye komnyama. Kwesinye isikhathi, inani elincane le-melanoma libomvu, lipinki, noma liyinyama ngombala. Le melanoma ijwayele ukuba nolaka kunezinye. Lolu hlobo lwe-melanoma lwaziwa ngokuthi i-amelanotic melanoma. Ukushintsha komumo, umbala, ubukhulu kanye nokuphakama kwemvukuzane kuyizimpawu eziyisixwayiso ze-melanoma eyingozi. Ezinye izimpawu nezimpawu ezimbalwa ze-melanoma zihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwemvukuzane entsha lapho umuntu esekhulile, ama-moles abuhlungu, ukulunywa, izilonda, ububomvu, njalonjalo. I-“ABCDE” iwukusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu ukukhumbula izimpawu nezimpawu ze-melanoma. U-A usho i-asymmetrical, u-B usho imingcele, u-C usho imibala, u-D uwububanzi, futhi u-E usho ukuguquguquka.  

Izincwajana zemininingwane- Olunye uhlobo lomdlavuza wesikhumba iMerkel cell carcinoma. Lolu hlobo lomdlavuza wesikhumba umdlavuza wesikhumba okhula ngokushesha kakhulu. Azinathenda ngokwemvelo, zibomvu noma zinsomi ngombala. Zivame ukuba nombala wesikhumba futhi azihlale zibuhlungu noma ziluma. Kwesinye isikhathi baze baphambaniswe ne-cyst noma olunye uhlobo lomdlavuza. 

Ukwelashwa

Izinketho zokwelashwa ziyehluka ngokuya ngesigaba somdlavuza. Ezimeni lapho umdlavuza umncane futhi uvaleleke esikhumbeni, i-biopsy iyodwa ingase yanele ukuqeda zonke izicubu ezinomdlavuza. Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezivamile, ezisetshenziswa ngazodwa noma zihlangene, zihlanganisa:

• I-Cryotherapy: I-nitrogen ewuketshezi isetshenziswa odokotela besikhumba ukunqanda umdlavuza wesikhumba, okuholela ekuchithekeni okulandelayo kwamaseli afile.
• Ukuhlinzwa okukhethekile: Isimila, kanye nesikhumba esithile esinempilo esizungezile, siyasuswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqedwa ngokuphelele komdlavuza.
• Ukuhlinzwa kwe-Mohs: Le nqubo ihilela ukususwa kwezicubu ezigulayo kuphela, kugcinwe izicubu eziningi ezizungezile ezivamile ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-basal cell kanye nomdlavuza we-squamous cell, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibucayi noma ezibalulekile.
• I-Curettage kanye ne-electrodesiccation: Amangqamuzana omdlavuza asulwa kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elinomphetho obukhali, ogobile, futhi noma yimaphi amaseli asele abhujiswa ngenaliti kagesi. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-basal cell kanye nomdlavuza we-squamous cell, kanye nezimila zesikhumba eziyingozi.
• I-Chemotherapy: Imithi isetshenziswa ngu odokotela bezikhumba noma ama-oncologists ukuze aqede amangqamuzana omdlavuza. I-topical chemotherapy ingase isetshenziswe ngokuqondile ungqimba olungaphezulu lwesikhumba, kuyilapho amafomu omlomo noma okufakwa emthanjeni asetshenziswa uma umdlavuza usabalele.
• I-Immunotherapy: Imithi inikezwa ukuze kukhuliswe amandla amasosha omzimba okukhomba futhi abhubhise amangqamuzana omdlavuza.
• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe: Izazi ze-radiation oncologists zisebenzisa imishayo yamandla enamandla ukuze zibulale amangqamuzana omdlavuza noma zivimbele ukukhula nokuhlukana kwawo.
• Ukwelashwa kwe-Photodynamic: Odokotela besikhumba basebenzisa imithi esikhumbeni, esibe sesisebenza ngokukhanya kwe-fluorescent (okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma obomvu). Lokhu kwelashwa kubulala ngokukhetha amangqamuzana angaphambi komdlavuza kuyilapho konga amaseli avamile.

Izingozi Ezihilelekile Nezifo

Umdlavuza wesikhumba ungakhula kunoma yimuphi umuntu. Kodwa abantu abanalezi zici basengozini enkulu yokuba nomdlavuza wesikhumba. Izingozi zimi kanje:

• Abantu abanombala wesikhumba okhanyayo wemvelo bathambekele ekuthintekeni kakhulu emisebeni ye-UV eyingozi. Lokhu kubabeka engcupheni enkulu yokuba nomdlavuza wesikhumba.

• Isikhumba esizwelayo esishisa amabala noma sibebomvu lapho kunokukhanya kwelanga.

• Abantu abanamehlo aluhlaza noma aluhlaza.

• Abantu abanezinhlobo ezithile zesikhumba kanye nenani elikhulu lama-moles esikhumbeni sabo.

• Uma umuntu emndenini wakhe enomdlavuza wesikhumba, lokho kubabeka engcupheni yokuba nomdlavuza wesikhumba.

• Ukuguga.

Lesi Simo Sixilongwa Kanjani

Umdlavuza wesikhumba noma yimuphi uhlobo lomdlavuza Itholakala ngenqubo ye-Biopsy. Ngale ndlela, isampula yezicubu zesikhumba ikhishwa. Lesi sampula sibe sesihlolwa kumalebhu ukuze kubhekwe noma yikuphi ukukhula okungavamile kumaseli wamakhono. 

Zingasiza Kanjani Izibhedlela Ze-CARE?

Izibhedlela ze-CARE zihlala zinikeza iziguli uhla olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokwelapha kanye nezinsizakalo. Elinye lamaqembu ezibhedlela ezihamba phambili njengamanje, sinesithakazelo esikhulu seziguli zabo enhliziyweni futhi sihlala sizinikeza izinsizakalo ezingcono kakhulu. Ukwelashwa komdlavuza kuthatha isikhathi eside futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi, kokubili ezigulini nakodokotela. Kodwa sinengqalasizinda ethuthukile kanye nethimba lodokotela abanekhono abasiza ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo.